Suchergebnisse

This article hypothesises that, due to factors such as thin trading and lack of publicly available data on transactions in the land market, urban land prices react more sluggishly to shocks in market fundamentals than housing prices do. Based on a vector error-correction model utilising quarterly data for the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in Finland over 1988Q1–2008Q2, the empirical analysis provides support for this hypothesis. In particular, the results suggest that new information regarding the market fundamentals is more rapidly reflected in housing prices than in land prices. Nevertheless, it is the housing price level, instead of land prices, that adjusts towards a cointegrating long-run equilibrium between housing prices, land prices and construction costs.

Summary Daily prices at the Pijnacker agricultural auctions were analyzed by some new spectral techniques based on the fast Fourier transform. Within the context of linear theory, it was found that the short‐run variations in prices could be described by a random‐walk model. No significant correlation was observed between these price movements and the short‐run fluctuations in the amounts sold. Even the strong weekly cycle in supplies had no matching effect on prices.

This book is for drafters of Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) contracts. It provides an overview of purchase price adjustment tools, manipulation issues, purchase price calculation standards and the inter-relationship of such clauses.Chapter 2 discusses the basics of M&A, such as the scope of definition for M&A, and the different motives and phases during the M&A process. Chapter 3 provides a brief introduction into company valuation methods. Various valuation methods are involved in purchase price adjustment issues, hence it is essential to know their components to obviate manipulation potentials.In chapter 4, various guarantees are highlighted where its breaches can also result in purchase price adjustment. Discussion focuses on the guarantees under German law, which have different impacts depending on the magnitude. An ambiguously drafted clause can have the surprising opposite effect desired by the parties. This leads to one of the central themes of the paper; precise formulation of clauses is the foundation for good contract drafting as it reduces potential future disputes.The main chapter of this book is chapter 5 where the two tools which directly influence the purchase price will be discussed: retrospective purchase price adjustments (post-closing adjustments) and future-oriented purchase price adjustments (earn-outs). The differences, advantages and disadvantages for both parties, the appropriate metric, manipulation issues and the calculation of the purchase price adjustment will be covered to guide the drafter of common foreseeable problems. Chapter 6 provides a brief introduction to issues which can arise relating to dispute resolution, which are common avenues in international M&A transactions as arbitration does not necessary always follow the set international rules. Other clauses in an M&A contract also have influence indirectly, on

This paper presents a simple model of state-dependent pricing that allows identification of the relative importance of the degree of price rigidity that is inherent to the price setting mechanism (intrinsic) and that which is due to the price's driving variables (extrinsic). Using two data sets consisting of a large fraction of the price quotes used to compute the Belgian and French CPI, we are able to assess the role of intrinsic and extrinsic price stickiness in explaining the occurrence and magnitude of price changes at the outlet level. We find that infrequent price changes are not necessarily associated with large adjustment costs. Indeed, extrinsic rigidity appears to be significant in many cases. We also find that asymmetry in the price adjustment could be due to trends in marginal costs and/or desired mark-ups rather than asymmetric cost of adjustment bands.

The US Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) measures hundreds of items in the US economy. Many social programs and government benefits index to the CPIs. The purpose of this project is to modernize an existing process. This paper will show the development of a small, visual, software product that documents the Economic Price Adjustment (EPA) for longterm contracts. The existing workbook does not provide the flexibility to calculate EPAs where the base-month and the option-month are different. Nor does the workbook provide automated error checking. The small, visual, software product provides the additional flexibility and error checking. This paper presents the feedback to project.

Recent research into the dynamic adjustment of prices within the London housing market is extended via the application of a novel two-step procedure. Combining the non-parametric analysis of the ranking distributions of the levels and changes in house prices with the application of a cross-sectional convergence technique results in the detection of a three-tier system in which highly significant convergence clubs are identified within borough-level data. These findings contrast with both the divergence apparent when considering all boroughs and the failure of previous research to identify convergent groupings. The novelty of the empirical methods is supplemented by a discussion of various theoretical factors such as gentrification, displaced demand, immigration, foreign investment and criminal activity in relation to the findings obtained.

By estimating a staggered price model over the period 1980q1-2010q2, this paper documents that, after the euro changeover, Italian retailers have increased the number of price adjustments, which has translated into a higher inflation rate, with a detrimental effect on the competitiveness of the Italian economy.

By estimating a staggered price model over the period 1980q1-2010q2, this paper documents that, after the euro changeover, Italian retailers have increased the number of price adjustments, which has translated into a higher inflation rate, with a detrimental effect on the competitiveness of the Italian economy.