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Abstract. In Indonesia, the HIV-AIDS case is one of the sensitive issues in which the spread of this case continues to increase every year. The problems of people living with HIV-AIDS (PLWHA) consist of physical dimensions, economic dimensions, and social dimensions. A potential intervention model that can be done to help break the vicious circle for PLWHA sufferers is economic empowerment. So it is necessary to support microeconomic finance in carrying out conventional financial practices which can later have implications for health and economic success for PLWHA through collaboration. PLWHA faces conditions of disadvantage in the form of stigma, physical decline, and economic problems. For this reason, it is necessary to have an appropriate coping strategy from PLWHA in the form of empowering micro-business economies. The implementation of economic empowerment needs to require a good support system in the form of collaboration in which the family, government, and NGOs help carry out economic empowerment. The research method used is a literature review. The journal criteria that have been selected by researchers in this study discuss PLWHA, the existence of similarities in research in the form of coping strategies for economic empowerment, as well as being relevant and accredited. The results of the analysis identified PLWHA in overcoming the economic problems they face can be assisted through a coping strategy that focuses on problems (problem-focused coping) by involving collaborators in overcoming these problems through economic empowerment.Abstrak. Di Indonesia kasus HIV-AIDS merupakan salah satu isu sensitif di mana dalam penyebarannya kasus ini terus mengalami peningkatan setiap tahun. Permasalahan orang dengan HIV-AIDS (ODHA) terdiri dari dimensi fisik, dimensi ekonomi, dan dimensi sosial. Model intervensi potensial yang dapat dilakukan dalam membantu melepaskan lingkaran setan bagi penderita ODHA adalah dengan pemberdayaan ekonomi. Sehingga perlu dukungan keuangan mikro ekonomi dalam menjalankan praktik keuangan konvensional yang nantinya dapat menghasilkan implikasi dalam keberhasilan kesehatan dan perekonomian bagi ODHA dengan cara kolaborasi. ODHA menghadapi kondisi tidak beruntung dalam bentuk stigma, penurunan fisik, dan masalah ekonomi. Untuk itu perlu adanya coping strategi yang tepat dari ODHA dalam bentuk pemberdayaan ekonomi usaha mikro. Pelaksanaan pemberdayaan ekonomi perlu membutuhkan support system yang baik dalam bentuk kolaborasi di mana swasta, pemerintah, serta LSM membantu menjalankan pemberdayaan ekonomi tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah literature review. Kriteria jurnal yang telah dipilih oleh peneliti dalam penelitian ini membahas mengenai ODHA, adanya kesamaan penelitian berupa coping strategi pemberdayaan ekonomi, serta relevan dan juga terakreditasi. Hasil analisis mengidentifikasikan ODHA dalam mengatasi permasalahan ekonomi yang dihadapinya dapat dibantu melalui strategi coping yang berfokus kepada masalah (problem focused copping) dengan melibatkan kolaborator dalam mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan melalui pemberdayaan ekonomi.

Back ground: - No other disease in recent history has generated so much concern, fear, anxiety, and prejudice both among health care personnel and the general public as has HIV/AIDS. Health providers' attitudes about HIV/AIDS constitute an important dimension in the delivery of quality care to persons with HIV/AIDS. Besides these facts, very little is known about the attitudes of health professionals towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Objective: - This study was aimed at developing a scale for measuring attitudes of health professionals towards PLWHA and evaluating the reliability and validity of the scale. Methodology:-A cross-sectional study was conducted at 10 government hospitals in Addis Ababa between the months of February 2006 and February 2007. The study consisted of two phases: identifying attitude items for the instrument; and administering the instrument in its revised form to 474 health professionals [nurses and physicians] for rating. The instrument was initially pilot tested with other group of 44 health professionals. The instrument was analyzed for reliability and validity throughout the process. SPSS version 11 was used for analysis. Results: A 22-item 'attitude towards PLWHA scale' had been developed with good internal consistency [Cronbach's alpha =0.79], and showed good construct and concurrent validity. Comparison of different groups suggested that nurses and health professionals with limited experience have more negative attitudes towards PLWHA. Factor analysis yielded three subscales explaining 34.35% of the variance: testing PLWHA, stigmatizing attitude, and care/ services. Conclusions: The 'attitudes towards PLWHA' demonstrated strong reliability for the total scale. Continuing study, however, is vital in revising and optimizing the instrument to improve the quality of the scale overtime and externally validate it.

The study was on effect of HIV/AIDS prevalence on farm income of People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study described the socio-economic characteristics of PLWHA who are small scale farmers, determined the factors affecting the farm income of PLWHA, and identified the major problems encountered by PLWHA in the study area. A simple random sampling method was used. Three health care facilities and one community based organization were selected. Thirty (30) PLWHA-small scale farmers were randomly selected from each of the facilities making a total of 120 respondents. Data were gathered through questionnaire administration. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and mean score were used for data analysis. The results showed that 45.8% of the respondents were widow with non-formal education and a household size of 6-10. 60% of the respondents were full time farmers with farming experience of 11-15 years. Age, technology adoption and labour lost as a result of HIV/AIDS were significant variables affecting the farm income of PLWHA. Labour lost had a negative coefficient while age and technology adoption were positively related to farm income. The major problems encountered by PLWHA who are small scale farmers include low earnings, stigmatization, discrimination, inadequate capital, and lack of credit facilities. The study recommends that government should take necessary measures to control the spread of the disease. Also, soft loan should be made available and accessible to PLWHA who are small scale farmers.

As many as 76% of HIV/AIDS cases in Special Region of Yogyakarta are transmitted through sexual contact. This condition affects 407 housewives who are infected with HIV from their husbands. The feeling of anxiety, anger, and disappointment felt by HIV/AIDS sufferers, medical care, discrimination, and public response to this disease often leads to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are living in anxiety, stress, depression, and lack of social support so that people tend to avoid or withdraw from their environment. Therefore, in the end, this causes only a small number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who can access the health services for ARV therapy. This research method is analytical descriptive with cross-sectional approach which aims to analyze the factors that influence self-stigma on housewives PLWHA in Special Region of Yogyakarta. Bivariate analysis used was chi-square analysis whereas the multivariate analysis used was logistic regression. The result shows that social support is the most dominant factor influencing self-stigma. It is advisable for the government to improve the provision of social support to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) by providing care and treatment services that are easily accessible and appropriate to the needs of PLWHA as well as educate the public properly about HIV/AIDS raising awareness of PLWHA without discrimination. Key words: Self-Stigma , PLWHA (people living with HIV/AIDS)

Despite global HIV/AIDS stigma going down significantly, South Africa continues to experience both internal and external stigma that is believed to derail people's rights to prevention and response. It is therefore important to establish the drivers of stigma and the human rights deficit they pose to the PLWHA and to social workers. The article, through informal community engagements, sought to tap the insights of selected stakeholders on the drivers of stigma in Alice town and its environs. The study comprised thirty-three participants, eight of whom were engaged in in-depth interviews while 25 of them were involved in four focus group discussions. Coding facilitated the selection and establishment of themes. Findings established that stigma was driven by ignorance pertaining to the AIDS aetiology and epidemiology; weaker campaign infrastructure in the rural areas; poverty of the people; denialism and myths. The article has used the philosophy of Ubuntu to suggest how to tackle HIV/AIDS stigma. The article recommends more research on drivers of stigma. Collaboration, as well as a synergy between different stakeholders in the HIV/AIDS arena, is recommended.
Journal website:
https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net
How to reference using ASWNet style:
Kangethe S. (2023). Perceptions of stakeholders on drivers of stigma subjected to People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Alice town, Eastern Cape: Implications for human rights and social service professions. African Journal of Social Work, 13(1), 30-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i1.4

ABSTRACTBehavior of PLWHA in Periodic Diagnostic Examination as Care and Support Effort in The Pemalang District;Improved quality of life of people living with HIV can be realized through care and support for PLWHA was periodic diagnostic examination behavior. PLWHA in Pemalang have routine examination as only 20%. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the behavior of people living with HIV in periodic diagnostic examination in Pemalang. This research was a quantitative study with cross sectional approach. Quantitative data collection techniques through questionnaire interviews where the number of respondents was 53 PLWHA. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis with frequency distribution, using the Chi-square bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that the variables related to the behavior of people living with HIV in periodic diagnostic check was the last of education, income, knowledge, attitudes, availability and affordability, and HIV/AIDS disclosure. Multivariate analysis showed that knowledge (p value = 0.041) was the variable that has the most significant effect on the behavior of periodic diagnostic examination with OR of 3.927. The advice given to the government is to provide a comprehensive socialization of care and support include periodic medical examinations related what procedure should be done and the standard tariff for the examination.Keywords: PLWHA, Periodic Examination, Pemalang

The main thrust of the study was to explore the correlation between socio-economic status and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and non-infected people in two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Lagos Mainland, an urban setting, and Epe, a rural one. Multistage and systematic sampling techniques were used in 40 enumeration areas (25 in Lagos Mainland and 15 in Epe) to obtain a sample of 1,611 non-infected respondents and a purposive sample of 80 PLWHA. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted from September 2005 to April 2006. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while hypotheses were tested by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that many noninfected respondents exhibited discriminatory attitudes in different situations involving potential contacts with the PLWHA. The study also indicated that significant proportions of PLWHA experienced rejection, abandonment, eviction, isolation and alienation within their families and communities. It was revealed that education, place of residence, gender, and marital status were significant predictors of discrimination. Contrary to our argument that women were more vulnerable to discrimination than men, the reverse was the case in this study. Widowed/separated/divorced PLWHA suffered more discrimination than those in other categories of marital status. Empowerment of PLWHA, Intensive mass HIV education and enforcement of national and international legal instruments were recommended among others.

The problem faced by the government is the limitation to support PLWHA to enhance their mental health status. The non-governmental-based supporting group may have an impact on PLWHA's resilience due to their psychosocial problems. The purpose of this study was to explore the resilience levels among people with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who are members of a non-governmental-based supporting group. This study used a quantitative design with a descriptive explorative approach — a hundred PLWHA, who have registered and followed the non-governmental supporting group in Jember, Indonesia during the last period of 2018 following this study by using a purposive sampling technique. The Brief Resilience Scale questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was collected in June - July 2019. Data were analyzed by descriptive explorative approach with 95% of CI and data were shown in the frequency table. The results of this study showed that 3% of the respondents' resilience has low resilience category, 56% has normal resilience, and 41% has high resilience level after 6 months following the supporting group. Support from members of the supporting group as an external factor made respondents more resilient. Resilience for PLWHA should be further enhanced to help PLWHA survive better and be able to face difficulties.