Suchergebnisse

How can plastic bag use in Indonesia be reduced? This dissertation attempts to answer this question applying two approaches: (1) Utilizing qualitative and quantitative research to investigate crucial factors explaining plastic bag use; (2) Conducting natural field experiments to identify effective behavioral interventions reducing the use of plastic bags in Indonesia. The pollution of the oceans by plastic waste is a growing threat to marine life, ecosystems, livelihoods of coastal communities and the health of human beings in general. Indonesia is the world's second largest source of marine plastic pollution. Regulations and policies have shown to be effective in the reduction of the use of and pollution by plastic bags in a number of countries. But for the Indonesian Government and many other governments the feasibility of implementing and enforcing such measures is limited. Given this situation, there is an urgent need to investigate and find effective alternative approaches to reduce plastic bag use. Such alternative approaches include non-governmental organizations, environmental groups and social enterprises. This research aims to explain plastic bag use with the help of research methods from cultural anthropology. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied along with different types of triangulation to examine people's concepts of nature, the perceived benefits and disadvantages of plastic bag use, and promising local initiatives. To find effective behavioral interventions for reducing plastic bag use we conducted natural field experiments. These tested normative and economic interventions in combination with ecofriendly reusable shopping bags. Specific interventions ranged from social norms and different societal authorities to indirect monetary incentives and bonus schemes. In this context we also analyzed socio-economic factors and environmental awareness in relation to frequency of plastic bag use.

Bans, taxes, and hybrid ban-tax policies can each be effective at reducing plastic bag consumption, but bans and ban-tax policies tend to attract more opposition from stakeholders and have been argued to do less to change patterns of consumer behaviour regarding bags than tax-based policies. For these reasons my research concludes that while bans and ban-tax policies can be effective, a tax-based plastic bag management policy is the best practice for reducing plastic bag consumption in an urban space. Managing the consumption of single-use plastic bags through restrictive policies is a way for governments to reduce litter and divert garbage from their waste stream. Reducing the consumption of plastic bags will also lower the rates of their production, drawing less on a non-renewable resource already in high demand. This report aims to analyze plastic bag management efforts in urban spaces to identify what can be considered the best management practices for reducing their consumption. An effort is made to connect the best plastic bag management practices with the context of Metro Vancouver, a region that is trying to reduce its waste but currently has no policies regarding plastic bags. The analysis of plastic bag policies in this report is informed primarily by reviewing research on successful and failed plastic bag management policies around the world. Research into the areas of consumer behaviour (specifically modifying consumer behaviour) and the power of government communication as a tool to influence citizens towards following policies have also been useful to flush out some of the workings of legislated restrictive policies. In addition to peer reviewed material, a substantial amount of grey literature (including city council minutes, municipal and federal government reports, environmental impact reports, news publications, and trade journals) was reviewed to investigate the details of plastic bag management practices that have not been so widely studied. This grey literature also helped to identify the status and barriers of plastic bag management practices in Canada, which so far have not been researched thoroughly. My research has found that the best practices for reducing plastic bag consumption are government imposed policies that can change consumer behaviour towards an anti-plastic bag mentality, are supported (or at least are not opposed to) by industry and public stakeholders, and are actually effective at reducing plastic bag consumption. ; Arts, Faculty of ; Geography, Department of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate

The environmental damage that plastic waste is causing has catalyzed government action against plastic bags around the world. Despite anti-plastic bag policies gaining traction globally, there has been limited investigation of why the implementation of bans has varied. The variation in implementing bans is particularly stark in East Africa, a region that has been at the forefront of plastic bag legislation. Rwanda's implementation of a ban on plastic bags in 2008 has attracted widespread praise for its environmental leadership. Kenya adopted a plastic bag ban before Rwanda but implementation was consistently delayed until a stringent ban was finally imposed in 2018. In Uganda, despite bans being announced on four separate occasions, implementation continues to be delayed. This paper explains why some governments adopt and effectively enforce plastic bag bans while others reverse course or delay implementation. Existing literature has cited the comparative strength of plastic industries as the salient factor in explaining varied adoption of plastic bag bans. This paper argues that though the comparative business power of plastic industries explains whether bans are obstructed, it does not satisfactorily explain varied implementation. Instead, countries that pursue services-based development strategies, which prioritise externally dependent sectors like tourism, are more likely to implement plastic bag bans, which can help bolster their green credentials. For the Rwandan and Kenyan governments, presenting their countries as environmental leaders contributed to their goals of becoming a regional economic hub, reliant on services like tourism. The Kenyan government's decision to eventually implement the ban was driven by a perceived need to compete with Rwanda for regional environmental leadership while supporting Kenya's services-based economic development strategy. In contrast, Uganda's comparatively larger discovery of oil and limited emphasis on services-based development explained the government's lack of commitment to implementing a plastic bag ban.

This paper examines consumer attitudes towards plastic bag ban. Change in consumer attitude is essential for an effective plastic ban, besides a legislation to ban its production and sale .Environmental consciousness regarding the use of plastic bags, social pressure, and support for the banning of plastic bags is increasing nowadays. This study helps in identifying the consumer attitude towards plastic bag ban, change in their shopping pattern and changes that wish to see in plastic shopping bag ban. In the conclusion of the study, it is identified that consumers who are environmentally conscious and feel under social pressure, tend to accept the plastic bag ban.

In May 2003 South Africa introduced legislation intended to decrease plastic bag litter. It combined standards and price-based economic tools in an attempt to reduce the public's demand for plastic bags. This paper analyses the short term effects of the legislation on bag demand. It also provides a background to these regulations and a theoretical overview. The assessment uses bag consumption data from four retailers, each representing a different consumer market. These are analysed, and respective price elasticities calculated. The results suggest that plastic bag demand is relatively price inelastic and imply that instruments utilising price alone, would have limited efficacy. However, the combination of standards and pricing successfully curbed plastic bag use in the short run. Further analysis suggests that the effectiveness of the legislation may be declining over time.

A person carries a blue plastic bag full of things

AbstractPlastic bag litter generates serious environmental concerns and poses a risk to wildlife. As this does not seem to be a problem which can be resolved by the private sector alone, or by 'Coasean' negotiation, legislation is proposed, particularly focusing on 'one‐use' bags. This article surveys legislation worldwide, while concentrating on lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom. The issues are more complex than is often assumed. While environmentalists argue for restriction and ultimate elimination of one‐use bags, manufacturers, especially those that have reformulated the composition of their bags, see legislation as an overreaction to a problem that is already being addressed within the industry. They cite evidence that, when used within a comprehensive recycling programme, plastic bags are not only cost‐effective but a sound use of our limited resources. Bans or restrictions can have knock‐on effects which can create new problems.