Suchergebnisse

Under hösten/vintern 2014/2015 genomförde sekretariatet för selektivt fiske, vid institutionen för akvatiska resurser (SLU Aqua) tillsammans med svenskt yrkesfiske, åtta projekt inom ramen för regeringsuppdraget selektivt fiske. Den övergripande målsättningen för alla projekt inom selektivt fiske är att underlätta införandet av den landningsskyldighet som beslutats i och med reformen av EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik. Projekten syftade därför till att minska oönskad fångst i svenskt fiske antingen genom att utveckla befintliga fiskemetoder (framförallt inom trålfiske) eller genom att utveckla alternativa fiskemetoder (främst passiva redskap såsom fällor och burar). • "Selektivitet i räktrålar" (HaV Dnr 2167-14), kapitel 1 • "Räkfiske Norden" (HaV Dnr 2363-14), kapitel 2 • "Utveckling av ristfiske efter kräfta Althea" (HaV Dnr 2363-14), kapitel 3 • "Utveckling av ristfiske efter kräfta Palermo" (HaV Dnr 2363-14), kapitel 3 • "Demersalt fiske Halland" (HaV Dnr 2363-14), kapitel 4 • "Vittjanpåse på konventionell Push Up (HaV Dnr 1491-14), kapitel 5 • "Selektiv vittjning av push up fälla" (HaV Dnr 1491-14), kapitel 5 • "Utveckling av ett selektivt torskredskap" (HaV Dnr 2167-14), kapitel 6 Projekten genomfördes genom att förslag togs fram gemensamt av SLU-Aqua och näringen utifrån fiskets uttryckliga behov och idéer. Projektförslagen prioriterades och beslutades av en särskild styrgrupp på Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (HaV), varefter SLU Aqua upphandlade utförare och agerade projektledare. Vinnande part ansvarade sedan för att anskaffa och utveckla respektive projektidé enligt projektplanen med stöd från sekretariatet. Projekten avslutades genom en vetenskaplig utvärdering där personal från SLU Aqua deltog i ett experimentellt fiske där det nyutvecklade redskapets fångstegenskaper dokumenterades och analyserades under kommersiella fiskeförhållanden.

The IENE 2014 conference puts emphasis on the "greening" of transport infrastructure: both in respect to a wiser use of marginal infrastructure habitats to favour biodiversity and certain ecosys- tem services, and in respect to a more permeable and safer infrastructure that minimises the direct impact on wildlife. Transportation and infrastructure are recognised as signi cant drivers in the global loss of biodiverity. Their impacts on nature are well described and there is ample evidence for the negative effects of traffic and transportation infrastructure on nature. Even though roads and railroads may occupy but a small proportion of an area, they a ect the entire landscape, cause the death of millions of wild animals, and disturb surrounding habitats through pollution, noise and alien species. The overall impact is evident, but there are means to minimise the pressure, to adjust infrastructure facilities and, to some degree, introduce beneficial services for wildlife. Such measures can and should be implemented as a standard in infrastructure development and maintenance. Knowledge about their functionality and e cacy is, however, not always satisfying. Technical innovations and new mitigation concepts need to be tested and evaluated. Their func- tionality and e ectiveness also depends on the interplay between the transport sector and other sectors of society. Communication, knowledge transfer, and public education are just as essential here, as legal frameworks, policy, technical development and environmental science. European policy (e.g., Green Infrastructure) is developing clearly in this direction, recognizing the transport sector and transportation facilities as important players in the endeavour towards a greener and sustainable future. Obviously, this calls for international collaboration in research and practice, for enhanced exchange of knowledge between disciplines, and for the development of harmonised standards and pro- cedures that can be referred to by international actors. IENE provides this interdisciplinary arena through its conferences and workshops. The IENE 2014 international conference emphasises that transport infrastructure can be planned and designed as an ecologically well-adopted, safe and e cient system, while acknowledging that certain impacts can never be avoided. IENE, together with the Swedish Transport Administration, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the Danish Road Directorate and numerous other partners, invites scientists, practitioners and planners, governmental agencies and private companies, NGO's and anybody with an interest in the above to the IENE 2014 conference in Sweden. We welcome new partner- and sponsorships and o er a well-approved and international network for communication and presentation.

Polluted air with impacts on human health and ecosystems is transported with the winds over very long distances. Large-scale biomass burning is an important source for polluted air over the northern hemisphere. In 2006, biomass burning occurred on approximately 2 Mha forest and agricultural land in Russia and neighbouring countries. This highly polluted air was transported across northern Europe all the way to Iceland and Svalbard. High air concentrations of black carbon, ozone and high deposition of nitrogen were measured in Scandinavian forests. High concentrations of particulate matter caused health problems. Large-scale wildfires in Russia have continued until today. The Nordic countries and the EU ought to support neighbouring countries in order to restrict wildfires. Important activities are preventing the burning of agricultural waste and fire-prevention activities in forests.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Exploring the Microbial World -- 1.2 The DNA Sequencing Revolution: Historical Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 The Architecture of Microbial Genomes -- Introduction -- 2.1 Genome Size, Organization, and Replication -- 2.2 Nucleotide Composition -- 2.3 Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Microbial Genomes -- 2.3.1 The Role of Viruses in Promoting Genomic Diversity -- 2.4 Genomic Diversity in Microbial Communities -- 2.5 Does Genomic Diversity Matter? -- References -- Chapter 3 Application of Omics Approaches to Earth and Environmental Sciences: Opportunities and Challenges -- Introduction -- 3.1 New Perspectives on Microbial Biogeochemistry -- 3.1.1 Redefining the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles -- 3.1.2 Omics as Sensitive and Efficient Tracers of Biogeochemical Processes -- 3.1.3 Omics Data is Valuable for Biogeochemical Models -- 3.1.4 Understanding Biotic Responses and Feedbacks to Global Change -- 3.2 A Genomic Record of Biological and Geochemical Evolution -- 3.3 Challenges and Limitations of Omics Approaches -- 3.4 Omics as a Complement to Other Approaches -- References -- Chapter 4 Overview of Approaches: From Whole-Community Shotgun Sequencing to Single-Cell Genomics -- Introduction -- 4.1 Choosing the Right Approach -- 4.1.1 Whole-Community Approaches -- 4.1.2 Targeted Approaches: Physical, Microbiological, and Isotopic Enrichment -- 4.1.3 Single-Cell Genomics -- 4.2 Experimental Design and Sampling Considerations -- 4.2.1 Replication -- 4.2.2 Estimating Sequencing Effort: How Much Sequencing Do I Need to Do? -- 4.2.3 From Sample to Data: Biases Due to Preservation, Storage, Extraction, and Sequencing -- 4.2.4 Estimating Absolute Abundance with Internal Standards

Computational intelligence techniques have enjoyed growing interest in recent decades among the earth and environmental science research communities for their powerful ability to solve and understand various complex problems and develop novel approaches toward a sustainable earth. This book compiles a collection of recent developments and rigorous applications of computational intelligence in these disciplines. Techniques covered include artificial neural networks, support vector machines, fuzzy logic, decision-making algorithms, supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms, probabilistic computing, hybrid methods and morphic computing. Further topics given treatment in this volume include remote sensing, meteorology, atmospheric and oceanic modeling, climate change, environmental engineering and management, catastrophic natural hazards, air and environmental pollution and water quality. By linking computational intelligence techniques with earth and environmental science oriented problems, this book promotes synergistic activities among scientists and technicians working in areas such as data mining and machine learning. We believe that a diverse group of academics, scientists, environmentalists, meteorologists and computing experts with a common interest in computational intelligence techniques within the earth and environmental sciences will find this book to be of great value.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the author -- Part 1: Prolegomena -- Chapter 1: Remote Sensing Concepts and Systems -- 1.1 Introduction: Remote Sensing Definitions and Systems -- 1.2 Electromagnetic Energy -- 1.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1.2.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.3 Solar Radiation and Earth Environment -- 1.3.1 Radiation Interaction with the Atmosphere and Targets -- 1.3.2 Spectral Signatures -- 1.4 Active Remote Sensing Systems -- 1.4.1 Satellite Radars -- 1.4.2 Weather Radar Systems -- 1.4.2.1 Conventional Radar: Non-coherent Radar -- 1.4.2.2 Conventional Radar: Coherent or Doppler Radar -- 1.4.2.3 Polarimetric Radar -- 1.5 Passive Remote Sensing Systems -- 1.5.1 Meteorological Satellites -- 1.5.2 Environmental Satellites -- 1.6 Current Trends in Satellite Systems -- 1.7 Summary -- References -- Part 2: Applications in Environmental Sciences -- Chapter 2: Precipitation -- 2.1 Introduction: Remote Sensing Precipitation Concepts -- 2.2 Radar-based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) -- 2.2.1 Conventional Radar-based QPE -- 2.2.1.1 Radar Calibration -- 2.2.1.2 Quality Control -- 2.2.1.3 Precipitation Rate Estimation -- 2.2.1.4 Space-time Aggregation -- 2.2.1.5 Uncertainty Estimation -- 2.2.2 Improved Rain Rate Retrieval Based on Polarimetric Radar -- 2.2.2.1 Polarimetric Radar Variables -- 2.2.2.2 Polarimetric Radar Data Quality Control -- 2.2.2.3 Classification of Hydrometeors -- 2.2.2.4 Polarimetric Radar-based QPE -- 2.3 Snowfall and Hail Estimation -- 2.4 Radar-based Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting (QPF) -- 2.4.1 Extrapolation Methods -- 2.4.1.1 Steady-state Assumption Methods -- 2.4.1.2 Echo Size and Intensity Trending Method -- 2.4.2 Knowledge-based Now-casting Methods -- 2.4.3 Numerical Models.

Although industrialization and modernization have dramatically improved the quality of our lives, they have also largely contributed to the destruction of our natural resources by engendering waste and creating depletion through overuse. As the world's population continues to grow and consume, litter, chemicals, and a host of other harmful products overrun our land, air, and water. This intriguing volume examines the various pollutants and human activities that threaten the natural world, with a special look at deforestation and desertification.

In this study, we investigate the molecular structural characteristics of organic remains in various cellular organelles from a 180 Ma Jurassic royal fern belonging to the Osmundaceae family of ferns, and compare their carbon isotopic compositions to a now-living species of royal fern (Osmunda regalis). We discovered molecular structural variations indicated by Raman and infrared spectral parameters obtained from various fossilized cellular organelles. The organic remains preserved in the chromosomes and cell nuclei show marked structural heterogeneities compared to the cell walls during different stages of the cell cycle. The fossil and extant fern have similar δ13C values obtained from bulk samples, supporting evolutionary stasis in this plant lineage and an unchanged metabolic pathway of carbon assimilation since the Jurassic. The organic remains in the cellular organelles of the fossil seem to be less heterogeneous than those in the extant fern, likely due to the preferential preservation of certain cellular compounds during fossilization. Taphonomic processes appear to have diminished the subcellular isotopic heterogeneities. Our research sheds light on the functioning of ancient plant cellular organelles during mitosis, provides insights to the taphonomic processes operating at molecular and isotopic levels, and shows the practicability of in situ techniques in studying the evolution and behaviors of ancient cells. ; This project is also financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0309800), the Hundred Talent Program C of China (Y810011BRC), the Swedish Research Council (VR 2015-04264), the Bergen Research Foundation (Norway), the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 646894), and the Department of Science and Technology–National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences at the University of Witwatersrandthe (South Africa). The NordSIM laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History is a Vetenskapsrådet (VR)-funded research infrastructure.