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AbstractThis article explores the position of industrial Internet platforms (IIPs) in manufacturing value chains. We develop an understanding of the role of data in global value chains (GVCs), referring to literature on intangible assets and theories on platform business models. We use data from a qualitative empirical study based on 33 interviews on platforms active on the German market to answer (1) whether there are tendencies of oligopolization that lead to an accumulation of power on the side of the platforms, and (2) whether it is the platforms that capture most of the gains derived from higher productivity or lower transaction costs. The analysis shows that platforms mainly act as service providers and/or intermediaries that support manufacturing companies in reaping benefits from data. While the relationship between platforms and manufacturers currently corresponds to a symbiosis, a stronger power imbalance could evolve in the future since processes of oligopolization are likely.

This article explores the position of industrial internet platforms (IIP) in manufacturing value chains. We develop an understanding of the role of data in global value chains (GVCs), referring to literature on intangible assets and theories on platform business models. We use data from a qualitative empirical study based on 45 interviews on platforms active on the German market to answer (1) whether there are tendencies of oligopolization that lead to an accumulation of power on the side of the platforms, and (2) whether it is the platforms that capture most of the gains derived from higher productivity or lower transaction costs. The analysis shows that platforms mainly act as service providers and/or intermediaries that support manufacturing companies in reaping benefits from data. While the relationship between platforms and manufacturers currently corresponds to a symbiosis, a stronger power imbalance could evolve in the future since processes of oligopolization are likely.

This article focuses on two broad groups of actors, international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and international consultancy companies (ICCs), and situates them within wider trends in aid and development policies. In the context of a neo-liberal policy agenda, many leading INGOs reorganized so that they became closer to emerging ICCs, as consulting, outsourcing and subcontracting became key features of aid and development policy. Throughout the 1990s, in the context of declining ODA and increasing spending on emergencies, trends towards concentration and oligopolization among private development actors grew apace, fuelling short-termism, projectization, and intense competition within the aid market. The article discusses a new aid and development regime, which is focused on coordinated poverty reduction. It suggests that, notwithstanding its progressive elements, the regime will provide added impetus to existing tendencies towards concentration, oligopolization, mergers and consortia among non-state actors, given that it is being implemented within the core principles of the new public management.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction: AIDS Activism and Legitimation Crises -- 2 Against Science and the Stigmatization of the "At-Risk" Body -- 3 Against Pharma and the Intellectual Propertization of Life -- 4 Against Governance and the Oligopolization of Power -- 5 Against Community and the Expertization of Activism -- 6 Conclusion: Knowledge and Inclusion in Global Governance -- Appendix: List of Interviewees -- Notes -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

The 1990s witnessed an enormous wave of mergers and acquisitions dramatically reconfigure the market structure of global telecommunications. In Europe and the U.S., telecommunications firms have steadily consolidated into a shrinking pool of providers, rapidly oligopolizing the industry. This paper reviews the number and size of mergers and acquisitions globally in the 1990s and charts the national patterns of purchasers and target firms, noting the overwhelming hegemony of American corporations. The reasons behind this process include globalization, deregulation, the convergence of digital technologies, the search for economies of scale and scope, and U.S. corporate tax laws. It also points to the impacts of this oligopolization on consumer prices, labor, equity of access to telecommunications services, and the political and cultural repercussions of increasingly concentrated ownership.

Contemporary developments are characterized at the same time by a series of economic changes and by a crisis in, international political leadership. The extent to which the density of economic relations has increased is such that a world economy is now a reality. The growing internationalization of the processes of trade and production and the internationalization of business strategies have resulted in a concentration and an oligopolization of the world economy. In the majority of the key development sectors, about ten firms at the most share the market, inducing by that very fact, an increase in specialization and, therefore, the search for a new international division, of work. The age of low-cost energy and raw materials that ensured a marked advantage to the industrialization nations seems at an end. The arrival on world markets of Third-world countries in the process of industrialization constitutes a new challenge. International competition is situated squarely in the economic field and the new international hierarchy is being established in accordance with the capacity of each participant to adapt to these new givens.

Contents: Introduction / Matthias Finger and Kenneth Button -- Part I: Country and regional reports -- 2. Airline liberalization in the US / James Peoples -- 3. Airline deregulation in Canada and the sustainability of competition / David Gillen and William G. Morrison -- 4. Australia - a reluctant liberalizer / Peter Forsyth -- 5. Air transport liberalization: the case of Ireland / Sean Barrett -- 6. The evolution of Indian civil aviation / Haritha Saranga and Rajiv Nagpal -- 7. Air transport development: a comparative analysis of China and India / Anming Zhang and Yahua Zhang -- 8. European market - present and future / Volodymyr Bilotkach -- 9. Latin America and the Caribbean, thirty-plus years of lukewarm liberalization of air transportation markets / Henry L. Vega -- 10. Air transport in Africa / Gianmaria Martini and Davide Scotti -- Part II: Topical issues -- 11. Aviation safety in the age of liberalization / Clint V. Oster Jr., John S. Strong and C. Kurt Zorn -- 12. Small community impacts of liberalization and the provision of social air services / Aisling Reynolds-Feighan -- 13. Oligopolization of markets / Sveinn V. Gudmundsson -- 14. Domination of hub-and-spoke systems / Marc C. Gelhausen and Peter Berster -- 15. Market instability / Kenneth Button -- Part III: Future challenges -- 16. Economic perspectives on aviation security / William Morrison and David Gillen -- 17. The need to evolve air traffic management: Europe as a laboratory / Matthias Finger, Marc Baumgartner and Engin Zeki -- 18. Canada and USA: a tale of two ANSPs / Rui Neiva -- Index.

The transition of power in many countries undergoing the shift from totalitarianism to democracy often goes through authoritarianism. In this regard, the political processes in the post-Soviet societies of Central Asia are experiencing similar trends, manifested in political radicalization in the context of a crisis of political participation. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to analyze the political radicalization of young people due to the economic downturn, unemployment, and lack of channels of political interaction in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the paper is to identify the economic, political, and institutional causes of youth radicalization in Kazakhstan. To achieve this goal, theoretical and empirical research methods were used. Theoretical methods consist in analyzing the institutional causes of the crisis of political participation, and the decline in the socio-economic situation in the country. The empirical method of research consists in the use of expert survey data and numerous statistical data. The study found that the younger generation of Kazakhs is susceptible to radicalization due to economic reasons, including neocolonial economic policy, a decline in gross domestic product growth, rising inflation, and increased youth unemployment. And political reasons include the blocking of channels of interaction between society and the authorities, the underdevelopment of the electoral system and multiparty systems, and a crisis of political participation in general. The conclusion of this study is the statement that without cardinal economic reforms in the field of de-oligopolization and de-oligarchization of the economy and effective political reforms aimed at the development of the electoral system, civil society, and multiparty system, the trend toward the growth of radical political sentiments in Kazakhstan will continue.

The need to solve strategic problems related to the ESG agenda and the technological independence of the Russian economy, the key mechanism to tackle which is the introduction of the best available technologies, have updated the need for this study of the effectiveness of an integrated approach to stimulate their implementation in the production processes of oil and gas companies. The integrated approach to the introduction of the best available technologies in the Russian practice and the effectiveness of existing financial and tax incentive mechanisms were analyzed. Empirical and economic-statistical methods were used. The results of the study show that financial and tax benefits (such as fines for excessive combustion of associated petroleum gas, subsidizing the cost recovery on loans and coupon income from the federal budget on issued bonds in order to implement projects with the introduction of the best available technologies increasing the coefficient to the depreciation rate for purchased equipment, investment tax deduction) have a positive effect. They form a complex interconnected system of state influence on economic entities in accordance with national interests and strategic objectives, which is based on the carrot and stick principle. The current system of financial and tax incentives is an indirect trigger for mergers and acquisitions in the oil and gas industry and its further oligopolization, since it has a differentiated character conditioned by the advantage of large companies in the possibility of using preferences due to the established conditions for their application. Therefore, further adjustment is necessary taking into account the possibility of application for small and medium-sized independent oil and gas companies. The provisions of tax legislation were adopted under the influence of strategic objectives taking into account two main factors: the utilization of production capacities after the downtime of the post-Soviet decade and the solution of problems resulted from the ratification of international agreements, in particular the Kyoto Protocol of 1996, which did not put the country's technological independence as an absolute priority. Currently, the Russian economy should be precisely based on technological independency as the basis for sustainable long-term socio-economic development and the need to achieve tougher global international imperatives in terms of environmental protection under sanctions pressure. As a result, there is a need to review the existing preferences in order to adjust them and strengthen their interconnection taking into account the results of further research in terms of the cumulative effect of the implemented organizational and economic mechanisms that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality.