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In Kazakstan, there are currently over sixty known oil and natural gas fields, including five sedimentary basins with a potentially large amount of proven and expected gas and oil bearing seams. The largest and best known are the Caspian (Prikaspiiski), South Mangishlak (Uzhno-Mangishlakski), Ustiurt-Buzachi (Ustiurtsko-Buzachinski), Torgai (Torgaiski), and Chu-Sarisu (Chu-Sarisuiski). Kazakstan is ranked twenty-fourth among the world's 55 oil-producing countries by many analysts. It has about 60 billion barrels of oil reserves. Indeed, it has been estimated by many of the same analysts that the offshore fields in the Caspian Sea, which borders Kazakstan's western territory, contain at least 26.6 billion barrels of extractable oil reserves. Yet in 1994, according to an article in Oil and Gas Journal, the government of the United States stated that it "does not consider Kazakstan as the most important source of oil supplies for the United States; however, Kazakstan might play [an] important role in reduction of the [sic] oil price." Oil is a vital resource for Kazakstan and its extraction will play a major role in fostering the country's future development and relations with major oil consumers. Accurately estimating Kazakstan's reserves, and its ability to sell it on the world market, remains a major concern for Almaty.

This article discusses the organization of upstream oil and gas industri in Indonesia from managerial perspective. For Indonesian context, actually this has been arranged by the Statement Oil and Gas Standard Accountancy No.29 Year 2009. In developed countries such as United States there is Standard Financial Accounting Statement issued by Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB). In order to obtain clarity and transparency and to avoid different interpretation between the contractors and the government, therefore there ought to be explicit principles and methods in production sharing contract and desired accountancy period so that the similar method can be applied on APBN (National Planning and Expenditure Budget). This is since accountancy method affects financial report. With the latter, contractor's performance and state income can be measured. Research methodology are ground research and exploratory research, reaseacher assumption based on field condition and resolve problem from literature study.

This report is the final report detailing the findings of a study of autonomous working in the oil and gas industry. This study is part of the final output of a 30 month project run by Robert Gordon University and Aberdeen College. Funding for this study (and the project more broadly) was provided by the Scottish Funding Council in support of the Scottish Government's 'Maximising the Impact of Skills' agenda.

10 Iraq's Crude Oil Export Pipelines 359 The Ancient Pipelines 359 Modern Oil Pipelines 359 Kirkuk's Crude Oil Pipeline Routes 363 Iraq Oil and Gas Industry in the 20th Century Construction of the Twin 12 Inch Pipelines to Haifa and Tripoli 364 Interesting IPC Document 364 The Construction of the Twin 16-Inch Pipelines to Haifa and Tripoli 374 Modifications to the Pipelines Pumping Facilities 376 The Rehabilitation of the Abandoned 12 and 16 inch Haifa Pipelines 377 The Construction of the First 30/32 Inch Pipeline to Banias 378 Meeting Prince Abdul Illah 380 The Construction of the Second 30/32 Inch Pipeline to Tripoli 380 Ain Zalah-Tripoli Pipeline 384 The Expansion of the Export Capacity of the Tran-Syrian Pipelines from One Million to 1.4 Million Barrels Per Day 393 The Strategic Pipeline 394 Meeting Saddam Hussain 395 Mina al-Bakr 396 The Twin Iraq - Turkey Pipelines 397 First Iraq - Turkey Pipeline 397 Second Iraq - Turkey Pipeline 398 Iraq Pipeline Trans-Saudi Arabia (IPTSA) 401 Cross-Borders Pipelines - Disputes and Shutdowns 404 The Iraq-Turkey Pipelines 411 Iraq Pipeline Trans-Saudi Arabia (IPSA) 414 11 Iraq's Gas Industry 417 Natural Gas 417 Gas from Coal 419 Sources of Natural Gas 421 The Utilisation of Natural Gas 421 The Associated Gas 423 The Flaring of Iraq's Associated Gases 423 The Typical Gas Gathering and Gas Processing Plant 425 Iraq's First Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) 435 Kirkuk Sulphur Recovery Plant 436 Taji LPG Processing and Bottling Plant 437 Large Scale Utilisation of the Associated Gases 438 The North Gas Complex 438 The South Gas Complex 443 Basra-Baghdad-Kirkuk LPG Pipeline 445 Iraq-Kuwait Gas Pipeline 446 Iraq's Oil Refineries 449 Qaiyarah Refinery 452 Al-Wand Refinery 453 Haditha Refinery 455 Kirkuk Refinery 455 Al-Moftiya Refinery 456 Al-Daura Refinery 456 Basra Refinery 459 Salahuddin Refinery 459 Al-Shimal (North) Refinery 460 Samawa Refinery 460 Nassiriyah Refinery 460 Seniyah Refinery 460 Kisik Refinery 461 Iraq's Refining Capacity 461 Proposed New Refineries- 2011 461 Petroleum Product Pipelines 462 13 Iraq's Oil Production During the Twentieth Century 465 Iraq's Crude oil Production and Export 469 14 Housing and Social Amenities 471 The City of Kirkuk 471 Kirkuk and Crude Oil 473 The Development of The IPC Housing and Social Amenities 475 15 References and Addenda 495 Iraq Petroleum Company Staff List May 1972 495

Abstract: Management of projects in Russia in recent years is widely used in various fields and industries. Projects in various fields, various specialists have significant differences among themselves. Therefore, to select the optimal approach to the management of the specific project you first need to identify the distinctive features of this type and type of project. The use of the classification of projects as the basis of the structural vision allows optimizing methods and tools for the management of specific projects and increase the effectiveness of their implementation. In the article the analysis of the classification of projects in project management.Identified the main classification criteria and types of projects that are widely used in the scientific literature and practice. In the course of the analysis, identified new approaches to the classification of the various projects of Russian and foreign authors, the author gives his own evaluation of such approaches, and reveals the positive aspects and shortcomings of such approaches. During the conducted research it is established that the presented approaches to the classification of project management did not sufficiently take into account the area of the economy in which they are implemented. So, the projects implemented in various areas of the economy, as a rule, have different objectives. Consequently, the classification of projects in project management for individual sectors may be applied only for that sector of the economy the shape and type of the project and have their classification criteria. As a separate sector of the economy considered the oil and gas industry, which forms the basis of the state budget of many States, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the most well-known oil and gas projects implemented in recent years. Analysis we analyzed projects have shown that they have several features that differ from other projects. Therefore, for a detailed classification of oil and gas projects us presents the author's classification criteria for projects that have a significant impact on the financial costs and timing of oil and gas project.

Changes in modern technologies have led to a decrease in the role of oil and threaten the well-being of oil-exporting countries. The oil and gas industry is the leading one in the economy of Kazakhstan, and the future of the country depends on its development. The purpose of the presented research is to determine the long-term image of the future oil and gas industry and develop a strategy for the government and national companies in different spheres for actions in conditions of increasing uncertainty. The article presents the materials of an expert survey using the Delphi method (211 industry experts) and a group discussion during a foresight session (75 participants), in which the authors provided methodological support and practical participation. The top nine development trends have been identified, the majority of experts (about 90%) see the future of the industry as the development of unmanned production based on digital management and an increase in environmental requirements (85%). The author's methodology is based on a pragmatic approach to conducting an industry technological foresight in the medium term. The visionary image of the development of the oil and gas industry is built on the basis of the possibilities of technological breakthroughs. The refined image was formed as a response to the challenges of the external environment on the principle of the "Most Advanced, Yet Acceptable". The main characteristic of the future of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan is a deserted production, where the production process is fully automated and robotic. Risks of oil and gas industry development are critical for the entire economy of Kazakhstan, so plans based on industry foresight projections to prevent them are a national priority.

"Cover" -- "Title page" -- "Copyright page" -- "Dedication" -- "Acknowledgements" -- "Preface" -- "Abbreviations and Acronyms" -- "Contents and Entries" -- "Introduction" -- "PART A - Oil and Gas Policy, Regulatory and Operational Institutions" -- "Chapter 1. Policy and Regulatory Institutions" -- "The President" -- "The Minister" -- "The National Council of Ministers" -- "Petroleum Inspectorate" -- "Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)" -- "Chapter 2. Operational Institutions" -- "Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation" -- "Reasons for the Establishment of National Oil Companies" -- "NNPC Structure" -- "NNPC Directorates" -- "NNPC Subsidiaries" -- "NNPC Quasi-subsidiary Gas Companies" -- "NNPC Corporate Service Units" -- "Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010" -- "Regulatory and Policy Compliance" -- "Institutional Structures under the Petroleum Industry Bill 2012" -- "NNPC and the need for Reform" -- "Chapter 3. International and Indigenous Oil Corporations" -- "Shell Petroleum Development Company" -- "Mobil Producing Nigeria" -- "Chevron Nigeria Limited" -- "Total Exploration and Production Nigeria Ltd" -- "AGIP" -- "Texaco" -- "Dubri Oil" -- "Famfa Oil Nigeria Ltd" -- "South Atlantic Petroleum" -- "Consolidated Oil Nigeria Producing Limited" -- "Chapter 4. International Oil and Gas Organizations" -- "Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" -- "World Petroleum Council (WPC)" -- "Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF)" -- "The World Energy Councils" -- "Shadowy Oil Cartels" -- "The Old Seven Sisters" -- "The New Seven Sisters" -- "PART B - Upstream Oil and Gas Issues, Law and Policy" -- "Chapter 5. Discovery, Uses and Importance of Oil and Gas in Nigeria" -- "Introduction" -- "Uses of Oil" -- "Importance of Oil" -- "Discovery of Gas" -- "Major Events in the history of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry