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The author outlines China's attitude to international organizations and its reasons for joining them. He discusses evidence of socialization in its participation and practice and assesses whether international organizations have influenced China to accept the requirements of cooperation, respect for international rules, and accountability in today's globalized world. (DSE/DÜI)

"International organizations play an important role in the development of education around the world. Some have a direct impact on the rights of children and parents in education, while others have an indirect impact by addressing such issues as health, welfare or finance. Prominent among the most influential international organizations are the members of the United Nations family of agencies, although regional development banks and trade union organisations also play important roles. And no mention of international organizations would be complete without reference to the PISA programme of the OECD, although the OECD does much more in the field of education. The Role of International Organizations in Education provides an introductory background to the operation of organisations that have had a direct and lasting impact on the implementation of educational policy in an international context. The accounts provided give researchers and practitioners to the field an initial account of the organizations, their development over the last seven decades, and their changing influence on the practice of education. By including voices from countries on the receiving end of international policies, the volume also introduces some of the debates that pervade in the field of international education"--

International organisations play an important role in the development of education around the world. The Role of International Organisations in Education provides an introductory background to the operation of organisations that have had a direct impact on educational policy.

The 22nd session of the United Nations General Assembly was unexpectedly enlivened by a late addition to its agenda when Malta, a newcomer even by UN standards, sought to demilitarize the ocean floor "beyond the limits of present national jurisdiction" and to internationalize its "resources in the interest of mankind." Ambassador Arvid Pardo, Malta's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, sought immediate steps to draft a treaty thatshould envisage the creation of an international agency … to assume jurisdiction, as a trustee for all countries, over the sea-bed and the ocean floor, underlying the seas beyond the limits of present national jurisdiction….In advancing his proposal, in a surprise move thought to be premature by some governments, Ambassador Pardo accelerated and intensified the consideration of national and international interests in "ocean space." How is the last earthbound frontier to be explored and exploited? Is it to be assigned to international jurisdiction or taken over by national authorities? A disconcertingly rapid rate of technological advance emphasizes the urgency of a decision. This article will first consider the disposal of the Malta proposal by the 22nd session of the General Assembly and then attempt to consider its significance as a challenge to the development of international organization.

The article examines the question of the degree of its impartiality in the structure of an international intergovernmental organization using the example of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. This is relevant not only in the context of the activities of the Council of Europe, compliance by the States parties to the Convention on the Protection of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and the exercise of monitoring powers by the European Court of Human Rights, but also in the activities of other international intergovernmental associations and integrations.

International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

Throughout its one hundred years of existence, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) has taken a dynamic approach to the implementation of its
mandate to achieve social justice through the adoption of international
labor standards. This approach is exemplified in three ILO declarations: the
Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labour
Organization, 1944 (Declaration of Philadelphia); the Declaration on
Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998 (the 1998 Declaration) and
the Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, 2008 (the 2008
Declaration). These declarations contain expressions of renewed commitment
by the ILO's tripartite membership toward the universal relevance of the
Organization's constitutional mandate and its means of action (standards,
development cooperation, and research), and by the ILO to support its
members. These declarations have in addition adapted the vision of the ILO
mission to contemporary circumstances for a better impact. As noted by
Professors Alvarez and Burci, the ILO is a good example of a long-standing
international public organization reinventing itself with very few
amendments to its founding charter.