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The authors present a picture of the rural labour market in its various aspects in Noakhali district. They describe conditions of work, wages, regularity of payment, unpaid services, the nature of the farm as an enterprise etc. Structural significance of substantial use of wage labour. (DÜI-Sen)

AbstractThe Danish integrated rural development project in the Bangladeshi district of Noakhali (1978–92) was in many ways the largest aid project in the history of the Danish aid agency, DANIDA, and was intended to break new ground by reaching the poorest and weakest directly. Despite elaborate planning and a small army of Danish experts, however, the project failed to reach the targeted groups and would ultimately be viewed as a partial fiasco. By analysing the historical context of the project, this article will show how both the project and the problems it encountered were a by-product of the basic principles of the Danish aid policy developed in the 1960s and 1970s: the same factors that produced the high level of Danish aid spending and the will to embrace new agendas in development assistance such as the 'basic-needs' approach also created a number of problems with regard to the implementation of Danish policy on the ground.

This article explores rural differentiation in two selected villages in the Noakhali region of southeastern Bangladesh. The findings are based on a resurvey of 120 households selected from Hasanpur and Purbalach villages. Using conditions of reproduction in assessing the nature of rural differentiation, this article argues that migration can and does support simple commodity production in certain contexts. However, given that migrants sell their landholdings in order to generate money for migration, this results in landlessness. Migration can also be representative of a distinct condition of reproduction in formation, whose sole aim is no longer restricted to providing the means to cling to the land but rather to escape its clutch.

The study examined the role of technology to aquaculture farmers vulnerable to climate change and the study also identified common categories of aquaculture practices in the coastal district Noakhali, Bangladesh and the vulnerabilities associated with such aquaculture practices. The study focused on the sustainability of farmers' livelihood. The study used extensive field visits, interviews with the key informants of Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development Component (RFLDC) and farmers, personal communications and focus group discussion as the main procedures to collect data and information. The study also used the sustainable rural livelihood framework to show farmers' livelihood resources and transforming strategies to resilient livelihood outcome. The study found four common categories of aquaculture in the mainland, accreted and newly accreted lands of Noakhali and characterized those with technology level, size, dependencies, markets, ownership, species mix, constraints and vulnerabilities to changing climate. Average net returns from the technology induced aquaculture in community based ponds and waterlogged paddy lands were 905.33 and 362.78 USD/ha/year respectively. The study found the pond aquaculture in the newly accreted lands more vulnerable to climate change than other types. RFLDC which is a joint collaboration project of Government of Bangladesh and DANIDA, had been involved in extending technology to the poor farmers for sustainable development of the farmers' livelihood through agricultural activities. Farmer Field Schools, Community Based Organizations (CBOs), CBO associations and Union Parishad have been found to be playing very effective role for the development of aquaculture and livelihood diversification. Diversification in the culture systems has been suggested as a management practice in the study area which can increase farmers' resilience to the vulnerabilities.

The aim of the research was to explore the impact of social safety net programs in achieving the SDG target 3.8 at the union level of Bangladesh. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to collect the data. A total of 100 quantitative survey data and 10 KIIs were conducted. Statistically significant tests between variables (X2, p-value, and CI) were done. The average age of the respondents is 58.41± 18.35 years. There is a strong association between the age of the respondents and receiving the government social safety net program support (x2= 29.62; Cramer's V= .42, df = 12; Sig; P= < .003). We found an association between respondents' monthly income and types of disability (x2= 19.03; Cramer's V= .33, df = 12; Sig; P= < .03). The health expenditure of the study respondents is higher compared to the age range below 50 years in Bangladesh. There is a strong association between respondents' age and health expenditure (x2= 24.53; Cramer's V= .26, df = 11; Sig; P= < .04). The majority of respondents (84.5%) bought medicine, 8.2% buy food, 4.1% expenses on children's educational purposes and 3.1% buy a dress with their SSPs money. About 69% of respondents think that SSPs' support money is not sufficient to survive and maintain the minimum quality of life. Study findings suggest that the majority of the respondents were happy with government SSPs. Further research should address the factors of disability of the SSPs beneficiaries and the quality of life of SSPs beneficiaries.

A closure dam was constructed on Little Feni River at Musapur Union, Noakhali District by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) in 2016. The study assessed crop production fluctuations between pre and post period of the construction of this dam. Data were collected from Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Companiganj Upazila, and BWDB, Noakhali. Besides, an inception meeting was arranged at DAE with different participants for two consecutive days and three focused group discussions (FGD) from almost all stakeholders were done to triangulate the result. The trend was calculated by the data retrieved from 2011 to 2018 for the projection of the study. The result showed a revolutionary increasing trend for Brassica juncea, Arachis hypogaea, and Allium sativum with 1214%, 1400%, and 1600%, respectively. Followed by, the positive trend was showed for Oryza sativa, Cajanus cajan, Pisum sativum, Capsicum annuum, wintry vegetables and Cucumis sativus with 30.97%, 116.41%, 200%, 145.83%, 52%, 475%, respectively. And nearly stable trend was found for Ipomoea batatas, spices and Lathyrus sativus with a positive trend of 4%, negative trend of 7.59% and 8.86%, respectively. The study concluded that construction of closure dam might be greatly influenced in the high production rate of crops in the study area.

While the COVID-19 pandemic has far-reaching consequences on public health, little focus has been paid so far in empirical research on the psychological and behavioural effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the students. As such, this study was intended to examine the psychological and behavioural effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on students. The study was conducted in Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU) in Bangladesh, employing a survey research design. Primary data were collected from a total of 150 undergraduate students selected from 17 academic departments of the NSTU based on snowball sampling. The study shows that the COVID-19 pandemic, with several protective measures to reduce the community transmission, has various adverse psychological effects on the students. The complexity of the pandemic is positively associated with the increase of their several psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, tension, fear or panic, restlessness, boredom, and loneliness. The study reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic is also positively associated with the increase of several behavioural conditions of the students such as their time spent on social media, level of change in daily routine works, level of inattentiveness to study, and level of non participation in daily study. The study indicates that the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and the changes of several psychological and behavioural conditions of the students are statistically significant. Hence, the study opines that the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects the mental health and well-being of the students. Further, the study suggests that the NSTU should set up an educational guidance and counselling centre in order to address the adverse psychological and behavioural conditions of the students during the pandemic or any other critical situation. Moreover, the families and teachers should play an important role to keep up the mental health and well-being of the students through motivation and individual counselling.