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"E3A: Understanding Energy" || Taken from the Extension website: Reviewed Dec. 2019 || New 4/15/P0D || "Original work created by Montana State University Extension and the University of Wyoming. Adapted with permission by University of Missouri Extension." || 2 pages ; "Nearly all households pay a utility company for electricity on a monthly basis. As discussions of national energy consumption and issues of energy independence become more prevalent, many consumers are considering reducing monthly bills by generating energy themselves. This is typically accomplished by installing a small wind or solar system but can include a host of other technologies as well. Interconnecting a renewable energy generator while connected to a local electrical utility and receiving incremental credit for energy produced is referred to as net metering. Many states have enacted legislation to encourage this practice, so check local laws and utility programs to understand how net metering is applied in your state."--First page.

In order to realize the best practices to allow the individuals participate in renewable energy production, a collection of legislation was ratified, and a set of decisions was introduced to encourage the prosumer concept. This notion, which is called Net Metering (NEM), is a billing mechanism that credits PV solar system owners for the energy injected to the grid. Lebanon adopts the NEM policy to reduce the demand and boost the grid through increasing the generation capacity. The decline of solar equipment cost encourages people to subscribe to the NEM service by utilizing the PV solar systems. The implementation of the NEM service provides the customers with leverage over their electricity bills. However, connecting the home micro grid into the vast grid is not easy. It imposes many technical challenges which are discussed in this article.

As the effects of climate change increasingly become a reality, policymakers have recognized the need for more renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, and the benefits of distributed generation. One important way that both renewable energy and distributed generation are being addressed is through the use of electrical net metering policies. Net metering allows property owners to generate their own electricity and to receive credit from their utility company for any excess. State net metering policies are pervasive—forty-three states and the District of Columbia have adopted some form of net metering—and yet uncertainty remains about their jurisdictional limits. Further, FERC's guidelines on net metering are unclear and are preventing state policies from reaching their full potential. This Note reviews the net metering rules of three different states and analyzes the useful aspects of each. It then argues that FERC should provide clearer guidelines that allow states to expand their net metering policies and more effectively foster distributed renewable energy generation.

In Spain, regulations for Self-Consumption installations have been recently approved. However, regulations for Net Metering installations are still under discussion. The target of this study is to discuss different options for Net Metering implementation which are not defined yet. Also, an approach to new criteria for sizing this kind of installations will be done from different points of view: technical and economic. Different cases have been studied: the regulatory frame which was drafted by the former government (but not approved yet) and other proposals amending the mentioned draft that are being issued by other entities as National Energy Commission of Spain, Photovoltaic Producers Association, etc. The results let us conclude that the regulations which are drafted now will not permit the optimal performance of Net Metering installations neither from energy point of view nor economic point of view. It should be necessary to change the regulation draft just to reach the optimal performance of Net Metering installations. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Rooftop solar photovoltaics will play a role in decarbonizing electricity generation and meeting global climate goals. Policymakers can benefit from understanding how their policy choices impact rooftop solar PV adoption. We conduct a case study of Regina, Saskatchewan to determine the extent to which solar policy changes in that Canadian province have impacted the relative desirability of rooftop solar PV. We assess financial returns that can be achieved in Regina under three policy scenarios: net metering, net billing, and net billing with a capital incentive. We use GIS analysis to identify suitable roofs in Regina and assess any shading that may occur. We calculate hourly capacity factors for these roofs using solar irradiation data, temperature data, and shading factors. We match the simulated solar output results with hourly load data to simulate over 4 million potential roof-load combinations and calculate NPV and net monthly return for each combination. We conduct a telephone survey of 451 Regina residents to assess willingness to install solar at different levels of financial return and compare these results to our solar simulations. Our results indicate that a move from net metering to net billing reduced financial returns from rooftop solar and lowered solar potential from 129 Gigawatt-hours (GWh) per year to 99 GWh/yr in Regina. The introduction of a capital incentive grant by the federal government has helped increase solar potential upwards to 120 GWh/yr. The capital incentive grant may also help overcome high discount rates by providing a larger upfront benefit to households that install solar.

In the wake of an on-going energy crisis in Pakistan, National Electric Power
Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) issued net metering regulations in 2015 in order to
encourage consumers to contribute in power generation. Contrary to the
anticipation of attracting large-scale prosumers after the launch of these
regulations, the overall capacity installed so far remains insignificant.
Moreover, an uneven distribution in terms of issued licenses as well as
installed capacity across the power distribution companies (DISCOs), wherein the
growth is concentrated in three major cities of Pakistan—Islamabad, Lahore and
Karachi—is another challenge. Based on this insight, the study aims to probe the
challenges to distributed generation (DG) in Pakistan. Primary data for this
paper was collected from three primary stakeholders: the prosumers; the
non-prosumers; and the DISCOs or the primary intermediaries. The findings
indicate a number of challenges hindering DG growth in Pakistan including
cumbersome application process; serious financial barriers; inaction of DISCOs;
low trust in technology; absence of awareness programs and absence of
fee-for-service (FFS) models. Finally, the paper gives a roadmap to overcome the
aforementioned challenges, and catalyzing the prosumage drive.

Objective. As the price of energy swells, renewable energy sources will serve as important alternatives to fossil fuels. Identifying what influences a state to adopt a policy that promotes the construction of renewable energy sources is an important step toward understanding the nature of our future energy supplies.Methods. Using an event‐history analysis, we examine three competing diffusion explanations on the likelihood of a state adopting net metering.Results. We find that regional policy diffusion influences the likelihood of a state to adopt a net metering policy.Conclusions. The results suggest that states are learning from one another and that the EPA's regional offices help facilitate this diffusion.

AbstractIn the United States, some of the most important environmental policy innovations of the past decades have occurred at the state level. Net metering policy is one kind of policy that states have widely adopted in support of decarbonization goals. The widespread adoption of net metering policies varying in policy design, defined here as policy content, offers an opportunity to investigate to what extent policies that diffuse widely bear comparable designs, and furthermore, what factors influence diffusion in policy designs. Availing these opportunities, in this paper, we investigate (1) how (dis‐)similar the designs of American states' original net metering policies were; and (2) what factors explain the diffusion of policies that share similar design elements. To support our investigation, we model using event history analysis in a directed dyad setting, the factors that explain differential duration to adoption of net metering legislation containing specific elements of design by policy receiver states. We find that bipartisan legislatures are more likely to adopt the majority of design elements. This suggests that net metering appeals to policy makers across the political spectrum and that the latter compromise in integrating elements of policy design that benefit or burden different constituents. We also find that over time, states become less likely to emulate policy designs from jurisdictions whose citizenry embraces dissimilar values, suggesting that policy makers learn to tailor incentives to their local policy targets.

SB45-16/17: Resolution Regarding Program Prioritization Efforts. This resolution passed with unanimous consent at the December 7, 2016 meeting of the Associate Students of the University of Montana (ASUM).

By Griffen Dayton In the quest for a cleaner, more sustainable future, residential solar power stands out as a beacon of potential. Net metering has played a pivotal role in the adoption of rooftop solarContinue reading