Suchergebnisse

As word society has grown exponentially it was created more and more wastes. Each year European Union throws away 3 billion tons of waste, and some 90 million tons of that are hazardous. It is clear that treating and disposing of all this material - without harming the environment becomes a major trouble. In the early years 90 the amount of waste generated in Europe increased by 10%. Most of that was thrown away in incinerators, or dumped into landfill creating environmental damage. Landfill disposal not only takes valuable land space but also causes air, water and soil pollution, discharging carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) into the atmosphere and chemicals and pesticides into the earth and groundwater. This situation is harmful to human health as well as to plants and animals. These events triggered urgency for a responsibility and appropriate legislation for correct waste management. EU and Portuguese policy main objective in the waste management are prevent and reduce waste production, and reduce their toxicity, through the reuse and modification of production processes, adopting cleaner technologies. Waste management must also avoid or at least reduce its risk to human health and to environment. In Portugal, wastes sector was suffered a revolution on the last years, due to the appearance of the Strategic Plan for Solid Waste I (PERSU I) in 1997 and by the constant pressure from the EU for their state members and waste producers. In December 2006 was created the PERSU II to correct all mistakes made in the previous plan. However soon realized that PERSU II had very ambitious goals and so unattainable that triggered the need to reformulate these objectives. The aim of this overview in waste management was to follow the goals outlined in PERSU II, identifying the progress of each operational system over the years. It was also the target compare those results to European statistics tracing possible ways to permit compliance with EU objectives in ...

AbstractCemetery waste (CW) constitutes one of the streams of municipal waste (MW). Based on the available data, it can be said that it accounts for about 1% of the mass of MW being generated in Poland. CW management should be carried out selectively. It is estimated that the level of CW selective collection is lower than the average level achieved for MW. This paper presents some solutions concerning the selective collection of CW implemented in selected municipal and denominational cemeteries in Poland. Based on research conducted, the levels of proper separation of glass and biodegradable waste in containers for their selective collection were determined, accordingly as >85% and >80%. Due to the contamination with paraffin residues, the purity of the selectively collected plastic fraction was lower than 20%. The human factor was recognized as the most significant determining efficiency of the selective collection of CW. Therefore, further education of society, as well as promoting good practices in the field of CW management, should be regarded as desirable.

This article exploit a data base of 1.522 observations related to Lombardy's municipalities to run a cross sectional estimation of the drivers of MW selection. We find no evidence of a significant correlation between the percentage of selected MW selection and market variables such as the unit charge for waste management, a result probably affected by the high degree of integration existing in Lombardy among collectors and disposal operators. On the contrary, we discover robust and significant correlation with a set of geographical, socio-economic, and political variables. Among the latter ones, we have a confirmations on the influence of party competition on the percentage of household recycling, with the left wing ruling parties more addressed to it than the rivals, and on the high correlation existing between MW selection and the implementation of a unit pricing scheme. Other positive correlations with the independent variable are shown by per-capita income, while quite surprisingly the education level of citizens seems to play no role.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Recovery of Monomers and Biomacromolecules from Municipal Solid Waste: State of the Art and Perspectives -- Abstract -- Introduction -- MSW: A Short Overview -- Chemical Building Blocks and Biomacromolecules -- C3 Compounds -- Lactic Acid -- Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol) -- 1,3-Propanediol -- Epichlorohydrin -- Propylene -- Acrylic Acid -- 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- Other C3 Based Building Blocks -- C4 Compounds -- Butanol -- Butanediol -- Succinic Acid -- Aspartic Acid -- Methyl Methacrylate -- (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric Acid -- 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- C5 Compounds -- Furfural -- Levulinic Acid -- Isoprene/Farnesene (Biohydrocarbons) -- Xylitol/Arabitol -- Itaconic Acid -- Glutamic Acid -- 1,5-Pentanediamine (Cadaverine) -- C6 Compounds -- Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- Sorbitol -- Isohexides and Derivatives -- Lysine -- Adipic Acid -- cis,cis-Muconic Acid -- Glucaric and Gluconic Acids -- Other C6 Based Building Blocks -- Cn Compounds -- p-Xylene -- Fatty Acid Derivatives -- Aromatic Monomers -- Lignin Derivatives -- Biomacromolecules as "Green" Flame Retardants (FRs) -- Bio-Based Polymers from the Most Relevant Chemical Building Blocks -- C3 Compounds -- Lactic Acid Based Biopolymers -- Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol) Based Biopolymers -- 1,3-Propanediol Based Biopolymers -- Epichlorohydrin Based Biopolymers -- Propylene Based Biopolymers -- Acrylic Acid Based Biopolymers -- 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) Based Biopolymers -- Acrylonitrile Based Biopolymers -- C4 Compounds -- Butanol Based Biopolymers -- Butanediol Based Biopolymers -- Succinic Acid Based Biopolymers -- Aspartic Acid Based Biopolymers -- Fumaric and Malic Acid Based Biopolymers -- Methyl Methacrylate Based Biopolymers -- C5 Compounds -- Furfural Based Biopolymers

This text covers a broad spectrum of topics pertinent to the management of incinerator residues. Background information includes a history of incineration, and the influence of municipal waste composition, incinerator type air pollution control technologies on residue quality. Physical, chemical and leaching characteristics for the various ash streams are described, along with recommended sampling and evaluation methodologies. Residue handling and management options, including, treatment utilisation and disposal are also discussed in detail

In the recent decades, the environmental impact produced by municipal solid wastes has received special attention. All new EU countries are involved in the process of implementation of the European Council Directive 31/99/EC on the landfill of waste in the European Union. As consequence National legislation, adapted to fit the EU requirements, focuses on integrated waste management and environmental control of municipal solid waste landfills, from start-up to closure and assimilation into the environment. In Romania, by Government decision, HG 349/2005, was established the obligatoriness of closing unconform waste landfills located in urban areas starting at July 2009. As consequence the owner of municipal waste landfill Medias started the proceedings of closure for the landfill. The aim of this study is to compare, from an environmental point of view, different alternatives for the closure of the municipal solid waste landfill Somard-Medias (Romania).

Land pollution belongs to the most serious environmental problems in Ukraine. The existing system of placing municipal solid waste (MSW) on landfills without proper pre-treatment based on ideas of the 1970s still dominates. Natural landscapes of Ukraine are largely destroyed due to legal and illegal landfills that exceed the space of all National parks and natural reserves. Currently Ukraine is going through massive social and political changes that allow modernization of the country on the basis of the fundamental trends of the sustainable development (SD). Waste management is a subject of particular attention. There is risk to give preference to outwardly attractive economic development, without regard to the unified, holistic models of the SD concept.Landscape ecology is one of the sciences that explore complex issues of interaction between society, economy and environment. It has to be effective in producing appropriate knowledge for landscape-development processes and would be suitable for use in collaborative decision-making on a local level.The purpose of this publication is to highlight opportunities for applied research in the area of MSW management which is the most problematic area in social and environmental measures. This is a subject for international environmental cooperation aimed at ensuring proper quality of Ukrainian landscapes as the country is seeking to be part of Western Europe. This paper presents local feasibility plan aimed at resolving problem of handling municipal waste flows and improving quality of urban landscapes. It is also aimed to show how significant the role of university has been in supporting the Triple Helix model, a driving force of MSW management on the local level. ; Land pollution belongs to the most serious environmental problems in Ukraine. The existing system of placing municipal solid waste (MSW) on landfills without proper pre-treatment based on ideas of the 1970s still dominates. Natural landscapes of Ukraine are largely destroyed due to legal and illegal landfills that exceed the space of all National parks and natural reserves. Currently Ukraine is going through massive social and political changes that allow modernization of the country on the basis of the fundamental trends of the sustainable development (SD). Waste management is a subject of particular attention. There is risk to give preference to outwardly attractive economic development, without regard to the unified, holistic models of the SD concept.Landscape ecology is one of the sciences that explore complex issues of interaction between society, economy and environment. It has to be effective in producing appropriate knowledge for landscape-development processes and would be suitable for use in collaborative decision-making on a local level.The purpose of this publication is to highlight opportunities for applied research in the area of MSW management which is the most problematic area in social and environmental measures. This is a subject for international environmental cooperation aimed at ensuring proper quality of Ukrainian landscapes as the country is seeking to be part of Western Europe. This paper presents local feasibility plan aimed at resolving problem of handling municipal waste flows and improving quality of urban landscapes. It is also aimed to show how significant the role of university has been in supporting the Triple Helix model, a driving force of MSW management on the local level.

Reduce, reuse, recycle (3R), and recovery are types of waste processing regulated in Law No. 18 of 2008. One form of recovery is Waste to Energy (WtE) which is one of the national development priorities. Currently, the implementation of 3R is less than 5% and it has not been implemented at all in Padang City. Therefore, this current research studies the WtE potential of Padang municipal solid waste. The research was conducted by collecting data on the population of Padang City, the generation, composition, and recycling potential of Padang City waste, and the calorific value of each waste composition. This research applies thermal incineration technology with three variations of scenarios. Scenario #1 is a WtE application with 3R based on existing conditions, scenario #2 is a WtE application with 3R based on government targets, and scenario #3 is a WtE application with 3R based on the results of the questionnaire. Scenario #2 is the best one because it considers the WtE idea and community-based 3R recycling in line and continues for better waste management in Padang City. The scenario may produce 394.23 MW of electricity that can serve around 1,329 houses, while also improving the 3R rate of around 1.98% per year.

Waste-to-Energy is one of the key technologies for sustainable waste management. The book by Laura Mastellone offers a comprehensive overview of the various processes for thermal waste treatment such as incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. It is instrumental for understanding objectives, functioning, residues, and environmental impacts of thermal processes. ""Waste Management and Clean Energy Production from Municipal Solid Waste"" is worthwhile reading for any expert in the field of resources and waste management