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International audience ; The magnitude of microentrepreneurial activities plays a decisive role in the economic development of the rural livelihoods, especially in third world countries. Microentrepreneurship has always been considered as a proven instrument to fight poverty in an effective manner. As a consequence, poverty alleviation through rural centric microentrepreneurship development has been focused for more than the last thirty five years in Bangladesh. However, despite such initiatives, the state of microentrepreneurship in Bangladesh has not yet reached to a satisfactory level. There are a number of prevailing factors that thwart the development of microentrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Among all the factors, non-institutions encompassing various political, economic, social, cultural, technological, environmental and personal factors are affecting the scopes of operating these economic activities to a significant extent. This paper attempts to identify the key non-institutional barriers that hinder the development of microentrepreneurship in Bangladesh, and suggests a composite policy measure to overcome such encumbrances.

Mode of access: Internet. ; Mencion de tomo consta en anteportada. ; Anteportada. ; Sign.: a-b12, A-O12; a12, A-P12, Q3; [ ]8, A-O12, P3; [ ]5, A-O12; [ ]4, A-S12, T8.

This paper computes the optimal progressivity of the income tax code in a dynamic general equilibrium model with household heterogeneity in which uninsurable labor productivity risk gives rise to a nontrivial income and wealth distribution. A progressive tax system serves as a partial substitute for missing insurance markets and enhances an equal distribution of economic welfare. These beneficial effects of a progressive tax system have to be traded off against the efficiency loss arising from distorting endogenous labor supply and capital accumulation decisions. Using a utilitarian steady state social welfare criterion we find that the optimal US income tax is well approximated by a flat tax rate of 17:2% and a fixed deduction of about $9,400. The steady state welfare gains from a fundamental tax reform towards this tax system are equivalent to 1:7% higher consumption in each state of the world. An explicit computation of the transition path induced by a reform of the current towards the optimal tax system indicates that a majority of the population currently alive (roughly 62%) would experience welfare gains, suggesting that such fundamental income tax reform is not only desirable, but may also be politically feasible. JEL Klassifikation: E62, H21, H24 .

In 2019, the American Economic Association (AEA) adopted a Data and Code Availability Policy "to improve the reproducibility and transparency of materials supporting research published in the AEA journals by providing improved guidance on the types of materials required, increased quality control, and more review earlier in the publication process." The AEA initiative is one of the most comprehensive reproducibility and data/code sharing initiatives in the social sciences. In this presentation, we review the AEA workflow, including how the AEA assesses compliance with the policy and the accuracy of the information by running code to reproduce the reported results. We also demonstrate the newly established AEA Data and Code Repository at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), which facilitates the AEA's workflow and review. Each data collection in the repository receives a persistent digital identifier (DOI), as well as descriptive metadata to increase findability, including JEL codes and subject terms. Data collections are also linked back to the journal article. Additionally, the AEA migrated their entire back archive of more than 3,000 data and code supplements to the AEA Data and Code Repository at ICPSR. This represents almost two decades of required data sharing associated with AEA journal publications. ; http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156061/1/Lyle ICPSR MIDAS Reproducibility Challenge 2020.pdf ; Description of Lyle ICPSR MIDAS Reproducibility Challenge 2020.pdf : Presentation ; SELF

Regulations governing the energy efficiency of new buildings have become a cornerstone of US environmental policy. California enacted the first such codes in 1978 and has tightened them every few years since. I evaluate the resulting energy savings three ways: comparing energy used by houses constructed under different standards, controlling for building and occupant characteristics; examining how energy use varies with outdoor temperatures; and comparing energy used by houses of different vintages in California to that same difference in other states. All three approaches yield estimated energy savings significantly short of those projected when the regulations were enacted. (JEL Q48, Q51, Q52)

Abstract
This paper uses firm-level survey data to study labor reallocation and firm growth in the transition countries over 1996–2005, including benchmarking against developed market economies. The data shows rapid growth of the new private sector and of the micro- and small-firm sectors, with the size distribution of firms moving towards the pattern observed in comparable surveys of developed market economies. Throughout, the regional patterns suggest greater convergence in the transition countries that joined the European Union in 2004 than in the other, lower-income transition economies. We also find evidence of Kuznet-Chenery type structural change across sectors.

JEL codes

L11, O12, P31.

Abstract This paper uses firm-level survey data to study labor reallocation and firm growth in the transition countries over 1996–2005, including benchmarking against developed market economies. The data shows rapid growth of the new private sector and of the micro- and small-firm sectors, with the size distribution of firms moving towards the pattern observed in comparable surveys of developed market economies. Throughout, the regional patterns suggest greater convergence in the transition countries that joined the European Union in 2004 than in the other, lower-income transition economies. We also find evidence of Kuznet-Chenery type structural change across sectors. JEL codes L11, O12, P31.

The discussion of companies' compliance with corporate governance standards and codes has widely neglected the situation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Accordingly, the authors examine a sample of 151 SMEs listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2006 (before the financial crisis) and 2012 (after the financial crisis) and, thus, required to declare whether they comply with the recommendations of the German Corporate Governance Code or not. While code compliance seems to be quite homogenous comparing different branches, the authors found that company size has a positive impact on code compliance. With regard to a remarkably high number of recommendations a lot of companies do not comply to, company size might be a major problem, why the existing GCGC does not fit very well to the situation of SMEs. This is why, most remarkably, code compliance does not exert any significant influence on either market reaction or on operating performance of SMEs.
Keywords: corporate governance, SMEs, Germany, firm performance. JEL Classification: G3, G34, M10, L25

In this study, we develop a model to examine the dynamics of the insolvency and bankruptcy code (IBC) processes in the aftermath of Covid-19. We use the model to study the impact of the pandemic on the following aspects of the financial disputes and their implications: number of disputes between debtors and their creditors in the aftermath of Covid-19; frequency of these disputes coming to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT); impact of the pandemic on the frequency of 'out of court' settlements; the nature of disputes settled amicably and those adjudicated under the corporate insolvency resolution process of the NCLT; and the recovery rates in the settled versus litigated disputes. We show that while the number of disputes will go up, the frequency of settlements will come down in the post-Covid world. Moreover, the post-pandemic legal changes made to the IBC are detrimental to the interest of the micro, small and medium enterprises and also for the formal and informal sector employees. We offer suggestions for promoting out-of-court settlements to save time and costs of the parties involved. Our suggestions related to public policy can help mitigate the macroeconomic costs of the pandemic. JEL Classification Codes: K00, K22, K41, G21