Suchergebnisse

The importance of system reliability within military logistics should be considered in terms of the ability to ensure the readiness of all available resources, e.g., means of transport, which are necessary during the realization of operational tasks. A special role is played by technical security, which enables the performance of all the specific tasks by the realization of the process supporting the subsystem in the area of providing the necessary assemblies, subassemblies and spare parts. The objective of the work was to define reliability in relation to technical means of transport and to illustrate an original solution leading to the determination of the expected fitness time of the available vehicle fleet, using the example of a selected military unit. The GNU Octave software&mdash ; designed to conduct, among other things, advanced numerical computations&mdash ; was used for the study. The daily operational mileage for a selected group of means of transport and the moments of failures were recorded during the tests, for the period from 31 December 2013 until 30 June 2015. The conducted analysis enabled the determination of the fundamental reliability indicators. The presented model has been supported with numerical examples, along with the interpretation of the obtained results.

In late 2020, as soon as the approval of the first vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became foreseeable in line with the normative political goal of providing comparable living conditions to all residents of Germany irrespective of where they live, the German national government's national vaccination strategy called for the widespread establishment of COVID-19 vaccination centers. As the vaccination program has been rolled out, difficulties in accessing vaccination centers have been reported. Against this background, the paper considers the questions whether, where and for whom spatial inequalities in COVID-19 vaccination center accessibility in Germany might exist. Such an understanding might help to prepare for future situations when adequate disaster response requires, similar to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government to quickly reach great parts of the population in an efficient manner. To approach this question, we examine the accessibility by the means of transport foot, bicycle, car and public transport at small scale based on an accessibility model from the point of view of the "households". We found that in contrast to the common belief COVID-19 vaccination center accessibility or inaccessibility in Germany does not seem to be a spatial phenomenon cheating non-rural regions and discriminating rural regions as anticipated, it is instead strongly dependent on people's individual mobility capabilities in both rural and urban areas.

Die mangelnden Fortschritte in der aus ökologischen Gründen notwendigen Verkehrswende sind trotz gewisser technologischer Entwicklungen der Fahrzeugtechnik zum einen auf Lock-in-Effekte (Infrastrukturen, Pfadabhängigkeiten bei politisch-planerischen Entscheidungen) und zum anderen auf ein nach wie vor wenig verändertes Mobilitätsverhalten zurückzuführen (sog. Rebound-Effekte). Warum sich Menschen häufig "irrational", "eigensinnig" und in der Summe wenig nachhaltig verhalten, kann bislang nicht ausreichend gut erklärt werden. Nach der Darstellung der aktuellen Diskussion zu sozialwissenschaftlichen Handlungstheorien im deutschsprachigen Raum werden in diesem Beitrag empirische Ergebnisse der Studie "mobility2know" (m2k) vorgestellt, in der der Ansatz der Sinus-Milieus® angewendet wurde, um unterschiedliches Mobilitätsverhalten beschreiben und erklären zu können. In Bereichen hoher Wahlfreiheit können mit dem Milieu-Modell die Unterschiede innerhalb strukturgleicher Gruppen (also innerhalb von Alters-, Geschlechts-, Haushalts-, Bildungs- und Einkommenskategorien) recht gut erklärt werden - ansonsten überwiegen die bekannten Zwänge aus eingeschränktem Zugang, mangelnder Erreichbarkeit und haushaltssowie personenbezogenen Constraints. Auch wenn es Aspekte gibt, bei denen der Milieu-Ansatz zu besseren Erklärungen unterschiedlichen Mobilitätsverhaltens führt, so muss überlegt werden, ob sich der recht hohe Erhebungsaufwand lohnt.

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe how the material culture of the indigenous hunters and fishermen of the Udehe in the Far East of Russia have been transformed by outside influence, from an autonomous and already sophisticated culture to a dependent and modernized one. The discussion centres around the means of water transport, two kinds of dugout boats (the bat and omorochka) because they were and still are essential for hunting and fishing, which are the main economic activities of Udehe. The author demonstrates how this one part of material culture has changed in manufacturing and use, and what has changed in the everyday life due to this transformation.

Negative effects of a massive use of cars, such as congestion, air pollution, noise, and traffic injuries, are affecting the cities everywhere. Recently introduced shared vehicles, such as e-scooters and electric bicycles, could potentially accelerate the transition towards sustainable mobility. Although these vehicles are becoming increasingly common and accepted within regulatory frameworks, some local governments are not yet ready to integrate e-scooters into their transport systems. Indeed, the legislation is unclear as it is not easy to determine whether the e-scooter is more like a bicycle or a vehicle. Moreover, it is difficult to predict the impact of e-scooters on road traffic, as well as the type of road infrastructure chosen by e-scooter drivers or the possible interaction of such vehicles with weak road users, such as pedestrians or cyclists. This study showed an analysis of speed and behaviour of e-scooter drivers in the city of Trondheim (Norway) to investigate how to manage this mode of transport. A total of 204 e-scooters were observed on six different roads in the city centre. The speed of e-scooter drivers was measured by a speed tracker (average value 15.4 km/h) and their behaviour recorded by a hidden observer in the field. Gender, age, distance from pedestrians, speed adaptation to the environment, and type of vehicle used were registered for each e-scooter. Through a Binomial Logit analysis, the data obtained were used to analyse the type of road infrastructure preferred by e-scooter drivers. Results showed that the cycle path is more widely used with percentage value from 60% to 90% of users. In addition, the probability of choice depended mainly on the road environment. The aim of this analysis was to assist local authorities in regulating the safe use of e-scooters and developing appropriate policies for their integration into cities.

Negative effects of a massive use of cars, such as congestion, air pollution, noise, and traffic injuries, are affecting the cities everywhere. Recently introduced shared vehicles, such as e-scooters and electric bicycles, could potentially accelerate the transition towards sustainable mobility. Although these vehicles are becoming increasingly common and accepted within regulatory frameworks, some local governments are not yet ready to integrate e-scooters into their transport systems. Indeed, the legislation is unclear as it is not easy to determine whether the e-scooter is more like a bicycle or a vehicle. Moreover, it is difficult to predict the impact of e-scooters on road traffic, as well as the type of road infrastructure chosen by e-scooter drivers or the possible interaction of such vehicles with weak road users, such as pedestrians or cyclists. This study showed an analysis of speed and behaviour of e-scooter drivers in the city of Trondheim (Norway) to investigate how to manage this mode of transport. A total of 204 e-scooters were observed on six different roads in the city centre. The speed of e-scooter drivers was measured by a speed tracker (average value 15.4 km/h) and their behaviour recorded by a hidden observer in the field. Gender, age, distance from pedestrians, speed adaptation to the environment, and type of vehicle used were registered for each e-scooter. Through a Binomial Logit analysis, the data obtained were used to analyse the type of road infrastructure preferred by e-scooter drivers. Results showed that the cycle path is more widely used with percentage value from 60% to 90% of users. In addition, the probability of choice depended mainly on the road environment. The aim of this analysis was to assist local authorities in regulating the safe use of e-scooters and developing appropriate policies for their integration into cities.

Tax on means of transport is one of the own revenues of city counties in Poland. They may affect its construction within the scope defined by the legislator. The authors of the article examined and evaluated the volume, stability and diversification of the significance of revenues achieved by city counties on account of tax on means of transport and discussed the significance of certain factors determining their level. Among these factors the local tax policy deserves a special attention. Therefore, the authors examined the scale of application of instruments of the local tax policy as well as their practical effectiveness reflected by the budget revenue growth in the subsequent periods. The following methods were used: descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, classical Pearsons independence test or Spearmans rho correlation test. The article also presents econometric models illustrating the effects of tax policy in relation to particular categories of tax payers of tax on means of transport.