Suchergebnisse

PurposeMandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) aims to protect the long-term benefit of shareholders; therefore, this study aims to seek empirical evidence for the benefit of mandatory CSR from the perspective of shareholders.Design/methodology/approachConsistent with the objective of this study, the long-term shareholder benefit is measured using the sustainability perspective. Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that have at least five years of CSR implementation, as its mandate and have retroactive earnings data for minimum six years before the observation year are selected as the study's sample.FindingsThe findings support that mandated CSR protects long-term shareholder value; there is a significant association between CSR and sustainable shareholder value. Industry profiles are an essential aspect of the association model. The results are robust through testing the association for various scenarios of time.Research limitations/implicationsThis study uses a single measurement of shareholder value based only on accounting measurement. Further, due to limitations in accessing internal company data, this study relies on annual reporting information to measure CSR implementation.Originality/valueThis study is the first to provide empirical evidence of the long-term benefit of mandatory CSR from the shareholders' perspective. This study also contributes to the existing literature by evaluating the success of mandatory CSR in developing countries. Those that successfully implemented mandatory CSR can serve as a model for other developing countries interested in creating similar policies to encourage socially responsible companies.

Introduction: In the past many young men spent a period of time in military service. To enter in the military service the person should pass a health visit where the physical and mental health conditions were verified. We focus our analysis on the Italian military service that was stopped to be mandatory in 2004, to explore if health visits during the military service have effects in preventing future illnesses. To do that we compare health outcomes of the cohort of Italian people born in 1985 and in 1987, i.e. before and after the suppression of the mandatory military service, respectively. Methods: Data on demographic characteristics of men potentially enrolling the last compulsory military visit and the one after the abrogation were obtained from the Italian National Statistics Institute. For health outcomes, we obtained for the same population the health records of hospital admissions from 2007 to 2017. A difference-in-difference analysis was performed to calculate whether the probability of being differed among the two cohorts of people. Results: A total of 215,081 males born in 1985 and 210,616 males born in 1987 were admitted to hospital in the period 2007-2017. A decreasing trend from 2007 to 2017 in overall hospitalization rates were observed for both cohorts of 1987 (1.26 to 1.15) and 1985 (1.22 to 1.13). The regression model showed a significant lower probability for the 1985 cohort, respect to the 1987, of being admitted for an infectious or parasite disease (coefficient -0.83; 95% CI: -1.15 - -0.51) and for tumours (coefficient = -0.83, 95% CI:-1.57 - -0.09) Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempted to quantify the potential preventive impact in the male population of the physical examination during the mandatory military visit. With an age difference of 2 years between the 2 cohorts, the results show a significant reduction in terms of hospital admission for certain types of health conditions.

During the progress of the world war there came to thoughtful men everywhere the deepening conviction that fundamental among the causes of modern warfare are the policies that lead to colonial rivalry and the imperialistic exploitation of undeveloped regions and backward peoples.All belligerent parties looked forward to the peace settlement as an occasion for the satisfaction of territorial ambitions and the settlement of war damage claims in terms of colonial acquisitions. To humanitarians in all nations the peace settlement seemed to offer a precarious but possible occasion for the settlement of colonial claims upon terms of justice and in the interest of the hitherto little regarded native peoples.

This report reviews trends in mandatory spending since 1962. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline projections of mandatory spending, which extend to 2018, are discussed, as well as extended baseline projections through 2082 used to explore long-term consequences of current budgetary policy. The report examines mandatory spending's growth relative to total federal spending and to the size of the U.S. economy, and looks at how the composition of mandatory spending has changed over time.

This report reviews trends in mandatory spending since 1962. CBO baseline projections of mandatory spending, which extend to 2018, as well as extended baseline projections through 2082 are used to consider the long-term consequences of current mandatory spending policies.1 The report looks at mandatory spending and how it has grown over time relative to total federal spending and to the size of the U.S. economy.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to a mandatory term of confinement for defendants placed on community supervision for the criminal offense of leaving the scene of a motor vehicle accident resulting in the death of a person.

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "This testimony discusses entitlement and other mandatory spending programs in light of our nation's long-term fiscal outlook and the challenges it poses for the budget and oversight processes. In our report entitled 21st Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the Federal Government, we presented illustrative questions for policy makers to consider as they carry out their responsibilities. These questions look across major areas of the budget and federal operations including discretionary and mandatory spending, and tax policies and programs. We hope that this report, among other things, will be used by various congressional committees as they consider which areas of government need particular attention and reconsideration. Congress will also receive more specific proposals, some of them will be presented within comprehensive agendas. Our report provides examples of the kinds of difficult choices the nation faces with regard to discretionary spending; mandatory spending, including entitlements; as well as tax policies and compliance activities."