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This article focuses on language-in-education policies and planning in relation to the three Sinitic languages taught in formal education in Taiwan today: Mandarin - the usual medium of instruction, and Holo Taiwanese and Hakka - the home and/or ancestral languages of the majority of the population (We use the term Sinitic language to avoid using 'Chinese dialect' with its implications of lower status and links with the national and cultural entity of China). These policies will be analyzed in the context of Taiwan's social and political history, current debates about identity, language rights and resources, and concerns about Taiwan's status in the international community. Taiwan's unique situation illustrates the complex relationship between language, ethnicity, national identification, and economic and global concerns. The Taiwan case also demonstrates the power, as well as the limitations, of government sponsored language planning.

This article focuses on language-in-education policies and planning in relation to the three Sinitic languages taught in formal education in Taiwan today: Mandarin - the usual medium of instruction, and Holo Taiwanese and Hakka - the home and/or ancestral languages of the majority of the population (We use the term Sinitic language to avoid using 'Chinese dialect' with its implications of lower status and links with the national and cultural entity of China). These policies will be analyzed in the context of Taiwan's social and political history, current debates about identity, language rights and resources, and concerns about Taiwan's status in the international community. Taiwan's unique situation illustrates the complex relationship between language, ethnicity, national identification, and economic and global concerns. The Taiwan case also demonstrates the power, as well as the limitations, of government sponsored language planning.

In diesem Buch werden die Institution Bürokratie und die personelle Gruppe der Beamten in Österreich (Cisleithanien) in ihrer Wechselwirkung zwischen 1848 bis 1914 untersucht: Im Zentrum stehen der bürokratische Apparat, nationale und politische Identitäten sowie Loyalitäten der Beamten, die Alltagskultur im Amts- und Privatleben, Fragen der neu eintretenden Frauen, sowie des Selbstbildes und des Fremdbildes der Beamten. ; Content of the book are the bureaucracy and its officials in Austria between 1848 - 1914, their mutuel influences in office and private life, cultur, identities and loyalities, as well as questions of images.

In spite of a widening acceptance of attenuated retroflexed initials (zh‑, ch‑ sh‑) in Taiwan Mandarin today, there is a parallel movement in seemingly the opposite direction: a growing use of the retroflexed initials in certain contexts. A conflict between the two trends often surfaces in the form of hypercorrection, that is, incorrect substitution of the retroflexed initials for the corresponding dental initials (z‑, c‑, s‑). Labov (1973) observed a trend toward a similar kind of phonetic hypercorrection in New York City English, mainly among the upwardly-aspiring lower middle class. Though this group is also especially susceptible to the use of hypercorrect forms in Taiwan, people in all walks of life with all levels of education have been observed to use hypercorrect forms. This demonstrates, first, that the textbook forms of the retroflexed vs. dental initials are learned imperfectly by a wide spectrum of speakers of Taiwan Mandarin; second, that the retroflexed initials retain a certain cachet in marking speech as more prestigious and authoritative; and third, that retroflexion, hypercorrect or otherwise, has for many people taken on the function of simply marking formal discourse, in addition to its use for disambiguation, highlighting, and stylistic effect.

Evidence is presented that power is not held exclusively by directly elected public officials in GB, & that nonelected civil servants often thwart or modify the will of ministers & Parliament. For example, recommendations made by the Fulton Committee in a 1968 report (no publication information provided) on the civil service were embraced by ministers, but effectively side-stepped or diluted by civil service mandarins. It is shown that civil service officials have much more power today than traditionally thought acceptable & ministers are experiencing increasing pressures that result in even more reliance on civil servants. The relative advantages of this situation for civil servants are noted, & ramifications for future policy making are considered. J. Cannon.