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Theoretical results are formulated to assess the strength of the effect of self-compensation of errors in the thicknesses of layers of multilayer optical coatings. They are applicable to any method of optical monitoring of the deposition process. It is shown that considering a possible presence of a strong error self-compensation effect is of great importance for choosing a monitoring method. A comparative analysis of the results obtained to date to assess the strength of the error self-compensation effect for various types of coatings has been carried out. Moreover, a number of results were obtained for the first time directly in this work. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal method for monitoring the deposition process depending on the type of coating.

Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality variables in lakes is vital for assessing their overall health. So vital in fact, that numerous government agencies are tasked with testing and maintaining a healthy public surface water supply. This study focuses primarily on the efficacy of one of such agency's procedure for monitoring surface water quality. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's (MPCA) procedure for water quality testing does not account for neither the spatial nor temporal variability of water quality in small Minnesota lakes, including the lake at the center of this study, Bass Lake. Currently, the MPCA assumes spatial homogeneity of water quality parameters by utilizing a singular sampling site to represent the totality of small Minnesota lakes with simple shoreline silhouettes. The MPCA's monitoring procedure is incapable of measuring the up to 54% spatial disparity in trophic state observed through in-situ sampling at different spatial positions on Bass Lake. Additionally, because the MPCA samples water from lakes on a schedule developed months in advance, they are unable to sample during the most significant periods of poor water quality. This oversite can cause them to severely underestimate the trophic state of a body of water and was demonstrated in the 2019 sampling season when only two days after an MPCA sampling event, a large algae bloom severely distorted a number of water quality parameters. This poses not only an economic concern but also, a public health concern. Bass Lake in Faribault County, Minnesota was studied repeatedly by the MPCA throughout the 1980's to the early 2000's and has had mixed results ranging from a hypereutrophic to mesotrophic lake. Bass Lake serves as an ideal candidate for this study given its simple bathymetric topography, uncomplicated shoreline, heavily agricultural land use, and geomorphic history. Changes in water quality were measured using Carlson trophic state index values derived from Secchi disk transparency, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentration measurements derived via water sampling and laboratory testing. Additionally, this study attempts to determine the capability of multi-rotor UAV mounted multispectral imagers to determine the concentration of chlorophyll-a remotely.

Inland waters are constituted by a lot of seriously threatened habitats. The increasing need to safeguard these ecosystems led European Union Member States to propose the Water Framework Directive which decided the creation of homogeneous areas characterized by very similar geology, topography and climate, known as hydroecoregions (HER) and firstly proposed by the French National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (Cemagref). Watercourses reference conditions had to be defined within any HER in order to confront any sampling site. HERs are consistent with European scale maps but important local reinterpretations in order to define more precise boundaries and extensions for each hydroecoregion are required and this point constitutes the main goal of this manuscript.Latium is a climatically very homogeneous region and it's roughly divided into three major portions confirming Cemagref's proposal. Geological and topolographical maps were then used in order to achieve a more detailed characterization of this region in order to obtain a more defined map. All our results allow to better define similarities and differences both between streams and within the same stream allowing to entirely locate each water course within the same HER. It would be important to follow up this study by proposing a similar approach for the entire national territory based on an appropriate region knowledge.

The scope of the Monitoring Procedure for Reclamation in Alberta (MOPRA) project is to develop a geomatics-based monitoring system to support the Government of Alberta's efforts for monitoring reclamation success. This software will support the decision making process to screen almost all oil and gas wellsites and prioritize those that require immediate intervention allowing an efficient allocation of government resources. Using remote sensing technologies, the following three types of information were pursued: • Baseline maps of the pre-disturbance condition of sites, • Vegetation condition related to species, and canopy structure, and vegetation productivity, and • Temporal change of land condition in reclaimed areas. The project provided the opportunity to assess remote sensing technologies including optical multispectral, hyperspectral and LiDAR, for monitoring vegetation condition in reclaimed wellsites and mine areas. Three study areas were assessed, sampling both wellsites and a coal mine areas, which cover different landscapes including forested, and agricultural areas. A set of land products were developed within this project, including baseline land cover, land-cover change, canopy height, fractional cover, tree species and canopy leaf area index (LAI). In addition, multi-year profiles of vegetation index data were examined to assess vegetation regrowth in wellsites in comparison to undisturbed reference areas. Canopy structure attributes, derived from LiDAR data such as canopy height and fractional cover, were also examined to assess differences in vegetation structure between reclaimed wellsites and regenerated burnt/clear-cut areas. In addition, a reclamation monitoring system, composed of a Remote Sensing Data Processing Toolbox and A Stand- Alone Assessment Tool, was developed. The land products derived from remote sensing data provide information related to some of the landscape and vegetation assessment parameters adopted within the 2010 reclamation criteria document (Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development 2013), such as bare areas, vegetation species, land-use change, canopy height, percent canopy cover and vegetation quantity/quality. The achievements of the MOPRA project have highlighted the benefits that remote sensing technologies can provide in support of reclamation monitoring efforts. Having access to a synoptic view of reclaimed lands at the landscape and regional level is of value for assessing land-use cumulative effects and making decisions in line with an integrated resource management system. While the MOPRA outcomes have shown promise in this direction, there is still a need to test and validate the information extraction approaches adopted as well as the monitoring system developed on various landscapes, such as wetlands, rangelands, agriculture and forested areas. Although, this project has focused on reclaimed wellsites and reclaimed areas within coal mines, the work undertaken can be applicable to natural areas as well as reclaimed lands that have been disturbed by other activities, such as transportation corridors, wind energy, sand and gravel operations, oil sands mines as well as pipelines. To move towards an integration of remote sensing technologies as an operational monitoring tool, the MOPRA monitoring system would require further testing, involving consultants, industry (e.g., oil and gas, coal mine, wind energy farms), and monitoring organizations (Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency – AEMERA) and regulatory agencies (e.g., Alberta Energy Regulator, ESRD).

The scope of the Monitoring Procedure for Reclamation in Alberta (MOPRA) project is to develop a geomatics-based monitoring system to support the Government of Alberta's efforts for monitoring reclamation success. This software will support the decision making process to screen almost all oil and gas wellsites and prioritize those that require immediate intervention allowing an efficient allocation of government resources. Using remote sensing technologies, the following three types of information were pursued: • Baseline maps of the pre-disturbance condition of sites, • Vegetation condition related to species, and canopy structure, and vegetation productivity, and • Temporal change of land condition in reclaimed areas. The project provided the opportunity to assess remote sensing technologies including optical multispectral, hyperspectral and LiDAR, for monitoring vegetation condition in reclaimed wellsites and mine areas. Three study areas were assessed, sampling both wellsites and a coal mine areas, which cover different landscapes including forested, and agricultural areas. A set of land products were developed within this project, including baseline land cover, land-cover change, canopy height, fractional cover, tree species and canopy leaf area index (LAI). In addition, multi-year profiles of vegetation index data were examined to assess vegetation regrowth in wellsites in comparison to undisturbed reference areas. Canopy structure attributes, derived from LiDAR data such as canopy height and fractional cover, were also examined to assess differences in vegetation structure between reclaimed wellsites and regenerated burnt/clear-cut areas. In addition, a reclamation monitoring system, composed of a Remote Sensing Data Processing Toolbox and A Stand- Alone Assessment Tool, was developed. The land products derived from remote sensing data provide information related to some of the landscape and vegetation assessment parameters adopted within the 2010 reclamation criteria document (Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development 2013), such as bare areas, vegetation species, land-use change, canopy height, percent canopy cover and vegetation quantity/quality. The achievements of the MOPRA project have highlighted the benefits that remote sensing technologies can provide in support of reclamation monitoring efforts. Having access to a synoptic view of reclaimed lands at the landscape and regional level is of value for assessing land-use cumulative effects and making decisions in line with an integrated resource management system. While the MOPRA outcomes have shown promise in this direction, there is still a need to test and validate the information extraction approaches adopted as well as the monitoring system developed on various landscapes, such as wetlands, rangelands, agriculture and forested areas. Although, this project has focused on reclaimed wellsites and reclaimed areas within coal mines, the work undertaken can be applicable to natural areas as well as reclaimed lands that have been disturbed by other activities, such as transportation corridors, wind energy, sand and gravel operations, oil sands mines as well as pipelines. To move towards an integration of remote sensing technologies as an operational monitoring tool, the MOPRA monitoring system would require further testing, involving consultants, industry (e.g., oil and gas, coal mine, wind energy farms), and monitoring organizations (Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency – AEMERA) and regulatory agencies (e.g., Alberta Energy Regulator, ESRD).

The purpose of the article is to study the monitoring of higher education quality in Ukraine and to develop certain directions for improving its procedure. The authors have used the following scientific methods: dialectical, logical-legal, structural-functional, formal-logical modeling, analysis and synthesis. Based on research results, the main directions for improvement of monitoring procedure of higher education quality are outlined. The concept and features of monitoring as an administrative procedure in the field of higher education are defined. The general principles, main tasks and functions of monitoring the higher education quality are highlighted. The selected provisions of legal regulatory acts which declare the need to promote an adequate level of higher education quality, its monitoring and evaluation are presented. It is asserted that nowadays there is actually no system of monitoring higher education quality in Ukraine. Regarding the analysis of current legislation provisions of Ukraine in the field of higher education, as well as accepted scientific approaches to determining the implementation structure of monitoring procedure of higher education quality, three of its general phases are distinguished. These phases are as follows. I. Preparatory phase, which involves the implementation of a series of appropriate actions, combined into the following main stages: initiating the monitoring procedure; monitoring planning; development of monitoring technology. II. Practical phase, which includes the following main stages: preparation of selected research participants; conducting research. III. Analytical phase, consisting of the following stages: information processing; recommendations development; adjustment and control; research results publishing. It is indicated that each of these phases is a relatively independent and complete part of the procedure, which in turn consists of certain stages, each of which fulfills the corresponding intermediate purposes directed at solving the tasks of this administrative procedure phase.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы надзора за выполнением договоров государствами- членами Совета Европы. Проанализированы Устав Организации американских государств и Устав Совета Европы. Особое внимание уделено полномочиям Комитета Министров в деятельности по мониторингу обязательств государств-членов. В сравнительном аспекте исследован правовой и политический мониторинг, осуществляемый Комитетом Министров ; У статті розглянуто питання нагляду за виконанням договорів державами-членами Ради Європи. Проаналізовано Статут Організації американських держав та Статут Ради Європи. Особлива увага приділена повноваженням Комітету Міністрів у діяльності щодо моніторингу зобов'язань держав-членів. У порівняльному аспекті досліджено правовий та політичний моніторинг, здійснюваний Комітетом Міністрів.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы надзора за выполнением договоров государствами- членами Совета Европы. Проанализированы Устав Организации американских государств и Устав Совета Европы. Особое внимание уделено полномочиям Комитета Министров в деятельности по мониторингу обязательств государств-членов. В сравнительном аспекте исследован правовой и политический мониторинг, осуществляемый Комитетом Министров ; У статті розглянуто питання нагляду за виконанням договорів державами-членами Ради Європи. Проаналізовано Статут Організації американських держав та Статут Ради Європи. Особлива увага приділена повноваженням Комітету Міністрів у діяльності щодо моніторингу зобов'язань держав-членів. У порівняльному аспекті досліджено правовий та політичний моніторинг, здійснюваний Комітетом Міністрів.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы надзора за выполнением договоров государствами- членами Совета Европы. Проанализированы Устав Организации американских государств и Устав Совета Европы. Особое внимание уделено полномочиям Комитета Министров в деятельности по мониторингу обязательств государств-членов. В сравнительном аспекте исследован правовой и политический мониторинг, осуществляемый Комитетом Министров ; У статті розглянуто питання нагляду за виконанням договорів державами-членами Ради Європи. Проаналізовано Статут Організації американських держав та Статут Ради Європи. Особлива увага приділена повноваженням Комітету Міністрів у діяльності щодо моніторингу зобов'язань держав-членів. У порівняльному аспекті досліджено правовий та політичний моніторинг, здійснюваний Комітетом Міністрів.