Suchergebnisse

The designation of state and private protected areas around the world has been increasing over the past years. Belize is not an exception to this reality. To date more than 103 protected areas have been recognized into the National Protected Areas System of Belize (NPAS). Private protected areas (PPA) did not become part of Belize's NPAS until 2015. But long before its legislation, private protected areas have been contributing to conservation and development in Belize. The Golden Stream Corridor Preserve (GSCP) is one of Belize's exemplary PPA which advocates for conservation through the promotion of sustainable livelihood development and community empowerment. Using the co-evolution model by Pretzsch et al. (2014) as a conceptual framework, direct use values and benefits of the GSCP are assessed to gain insight into its social ecological system. A single case (embedded) case study design was used to execute this assessment at three buffering communities: Medina Bank, Golden Stream and Indian Creek. A total of 60 households, representing 10% of household leaders in each community were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. Community leaders were also interviewed to discover customary rules relating to resource use and the history of each community. The direct use value assessment revealed that the GSCP only contributes to values associated with tourism and employment. These values were disproportionately distributed across buffering communities; with Indian Creek perceiving all values associated with tourism, and Golden Stream from employment. Medina Bank saw no direct use values from the GSCP. Community forests and lands were found to be the exclusive source of direct use values associated with the utilization of forest products. Sustainable livelihood development opportunities and community empowerment were the most reported benefits arising from the management of the GSCP. The adoption and contribution of livelihood strategies were however met with positive and negative criticism by community ...

Background: the performances of modern fighter aircrafts imposed musculoskeletal constraints on the cervical spine of fighter pilots. We propose a neck pain survey on French fighter crew members in order to determine its prevalence and its potential contributing factors. Methods: an anonymous questionnaire was distributed in the military aeromedical centers and in the fighter squadrons from May to July 2016. Every fighter aircraft members (pilots and navigators) from the French Air Force (FAF) and Navy were invited to complete the survey. Results: 311 fighter aircraft members, mean age 36±7 years, completed the survey. 82,3% of respondents were pilots. 60.4% of fighter aircraft members reported having experienced neck pain, 63% of the FAF pilots vs 40.5% of the navy pilots. 71.7% of the fighter aircraft personnel suffering neck pain had experienced it in flight. The major factors triggering neck pain in flight were G-load exposure (59.6%), air combat maneuvers (53.7%), rotation (39.3%), checking six (32.4%) and wearing night vision goggles (31.9%). The history of neck trauma was identified as neck pain provider (p<0,01), as well as being a navigator. No relation was found between neck pain and age or total flight hours of the crew members or aircraft's type. Conclusion: we suggest recommendations particularly on practice of cervical muscle strengthening exercises. A longitudinal survey of fighter aircraft members throughout their careers must be suggested in order to evaluate the trigger's factors of neck pain. ; Objet : les avions de chasse modernes imposent des contraintes musculo-squelettiques ciblées sur le rachis cervical du personnel navigant (PN). Nous proposons une étude épidémiologique des cervicalgies chez les PN chasse afin d'en déterminer la prévalence ainsi que des facteurs favorisants potentiels. Méthodes : un questionnaire anonyme a été soumis à tous les PN chasse (pilotes et navigateurs officiers système d'arme) de l'armée de l'air (AA) et de la marine en visite au sein des centres d'expertise médicale du personnel navigant (CEMPN) ainsi que dans les escadrons de chasse entre mai et juillet 2016. Résultats : 311 PN chasse, d'âge moyen 36±7 ans, ont répondu à l'enquête. 82,3% des PN interrogés étaient des pilotes. 60,4% des PN déclaraient avoir présenté des douleurs cervicales, 63% des pilotes de l'AA contre 40,5% des pilotes de l'aéronavale. Parmi les PN souffrant de cervicalgies, 71,7% les avaient ressentis en vol. Les facteurs majeurs déclenchants des cervicalgies en vol étaient le facteur de charge (59,6%), le combat aérien (53,7%), la position en rotation (39,3%), la position « check-6 » (32,4%) et le port des jumelles de vision nocturne (31,9%). L'antécédent de traumatisme cervical constituait un facteur de risque de cervicalgies (p<0,01), de même que la fonction de navigateur. L'âge, le nombre d'heures de vols ou le type d'avion n'étaient pas significativement liés à des cervicalgies. Discussion : nous suggérons des recommandations portant notamment sur la sensibilisation au renfort musculaire du rachis. Une étude longitudinale des PN chasse sur toute leur carrière pourrait être proposée afin de mieux évaluer les facteurs de survenue des cervicalgies.

Background: the performances of modern fighter aircrafts imposed musculoskeletal constraints on the cervical spine of fighter pilots. We propose a neck pain survey on French fighter crew members in order to determine its prevalence and its potential contributing factors. Methods: an anonymous questionnaire was distributed in the military aeromedical centers and in the fighter squadrons from May to July 2016. Every fighter aircraft members (pilots and navigators) from the French Air Force (FAF) and Navy were invited to complete the survey. Results: 311 fighter aircraft members, mean age 36±7 years, completed the survey. 82,3% of respondents were pilots. 60.4% of fighter aircraft members reported having experienced neck pain, 63% of the FAF pilots vs 40.5% of the navy pilots. 71.7% of the fighter aircraft personnel suffering neck pain had experienced it in flight. The major factors triggering neck pain in flight were G-load exposure (59.6%), air combat maneuvers (53.7%), rotation (39.3%), checking six (32.4%) and wearing night vision goggles (31.9%). The history of neck trauma was identified as neck pain provider (p<0,01), as well as being a navigator. No relation was found between neck pain and age or total flight hours of the crew members or aircraft's type. Conclusion: we suggest recommendations particularly on practice of cervical muscle strengthening exercises. A longitudinal survey of fighter aircraft members throughout their careers must be suggested in order to evaluate the trigger's factors of neck pain. ; Objet : les avions de chasse modernes imposent des contraintes musculo-squelettiques ciblées sur le rachis cervical du personnel navigant (PN). Nous proposons une étude épidémiologique des cervicalgies chez les PN chasse afin d'en déterminer la prévalence ainsi que des facteurs favorisants potentiels. Méthodes : un questionnaire anonyme a été soumis à tous les PN chasse (pilotes et navigateurs officiers système d'arme) de l'armée de l'air (AA) et de la marine en visite au sein des centres d'expertise médicale du personnel navigant (CEMPN) ainsi que dans les escadrons de chasse entre mai et juillet 2016. Résultats : 311 PN chasse, d'âge moyen 36±7 ans, ont répondu à l'enquête. 82,3% des PN interrogés étaient des pilotes. 60,4% des PN déclaraient avoir présenté des douleurs cervicales, 63% des pilotes de l'AA contre 40,5% des pilotes de l'aéronavale. Parmi les PN souffrant de cervicalgies, 71,7% les avaient ressentis en vol. Les facteurs majeurs déclenchants des cervicalgies en vol étaient le facteur de charge (59,6%), le combat aérien (53,7%), la position en rotation (39,3%), la position « check-6 » (32,4%) et le port des jumelles de vision nocturne (31,9%). L'antécédent de traumatisme cervical constituait un facteur de risque de cervicalgies (p<0,01), de même que la fonction de navigateur. L'âge, le nombre d'heures de vols ou le type d'avion n'étaient pas significativement liés à des cervicalgies. Discussion : nous suggérons des recommandations portant notamment sur la sensibilisation au renfort musculaire du rachis. Une étude longitudinale des PN chasse sur toute leur carrière pourrait être proposée afin de mieux évaluer les facteurs de survenue des cervicalgies.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

International audience ; AIM: An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol-intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers. METHODS: Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10,684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10,684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built-up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non-regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of French law (court rulings in the Perruche decision and its progeny as well as the statute enacted on March 4, 2002 to reverse or moderate this jurisprudence) on physicians' prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine practices. METHODS: We sent questionnaires to 186 physician-ultrasonographers in two French districts, inquiring about changes in their daily practice and their provision of information to and communication with the future parents, as well as their opinions about the future of their specialization. RESULTS: We received 54 responses (29%): 40% of respondents found it more difficult to tell patients about fetal anomalies. Written and oral information, medical reports and explanations about the limitations of ultrasound have improved substantially in content for 64% and are better used for 42%. Some clinicians (24.1%) report that they take the future parents' emotions into account more often. Some try to be more distant (13%) or more neutral (9.3%). More than half (51.9%) request the opinion of a center for prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine more often and 20.4% request karyotyping more often. In all, 7.4% believe that their counseling now leads more often towards abortions. CONCLUSION: Although practitioners had an extremely negative perception of the case law and some were also unhappy with the new statute, these did lead to the reorganization and formalization of their practices. We can see that judicial decisions taken in a specific, individual situation can change collective practices and influence--or even overturn--public health strategies. The respondents' intention to take parents' emotions into account suggests they will find a common language to communicate with them. It is nonetheless necessary to organize a nationwide debate about the objectives of fetal ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of French law (court rulings in the Perruche decision and its progeny as well as the statute enacted on March 4, 2002 to reverse or moderate this jurisprudence) on physicians' prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine practices. METHODS: We sent questionnaires to 186 physician-ultrasonographers in two French districts, inquiring about changes in their daily practice and their provision of information to and communication with the future parents, as well as their opinions about the future of their specialization. RESULTS: We received 54 responses (29%): 40% of respondents found it more difficult to tell patients about fetal anomalies. Written and oral information, medical reports and explanations about the limitations of ultrasound have improved substantially in content for 64% and are better used for 42%. Some clinicians (24.1%) report that they take the future parents' emotions into account more often. Some try to be more distant (13%) or more neutral (9.3%). More than half (51.9%) request the opinion of a center for prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine more often and 20.4% request karyotyping more often. In all, 7.4% believe that their counseling now leads more often towards abortions. CONCLUSION: Although practitioners had an extremely negative perception of the case law and some were also unhappy with the new statute, these did lead to the reorganization and formalization of their practices. We can see that judicial decisions taken in a specific, individual situation can change collective practices and influence--or even overturn--public health strategies. The respondents' intention to take parents' emotions into account suggests they will find a common language to communicate with them. It is nonetheless necessary to organize a nationwide debate about the objectives of fetal ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of French law (court rulings in the Perruche decision and its progeny as well as the statute enacted on March 4, 2002 to reverse or moderate this jurisprudence) on physicians' prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine practices. METHODS: We sent questionnaires to 186 physician-ultrasonographers in two French districts, inquiring about changes in their daily practice and their provision of information to and communication with the future parents, as well as their opinions about the future of their specialization. RESULTS: We received 54 responses (29%): 40% of respondents found it more difficult to tell patients about fetal anomalies. Written and oral information, medical reports and explanations about the limitations of ultrasound have improved substantially in content for 64% and are better used for 42%. Some clinicians (24.1%) report that they take the future parents' emotions into account more often. Some try to be more distant (13%) or more neutral (9.3%). More than half (51.9%) request the opinion of a center for prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine more often and 20.4% request karyotyping more often. In all, 7.4% believe that their counseling now leads more often towards abortions. CONCLUSION: Although practitioners had an extremely negative perception of the case law and some were also unhappy with the new statute, these did lead to the reorganization and formalization of their practices. We can see that judicial decisions taken in a specific, individual situation can change collective practices and influence--or even overturn--public health strategies. The respondents' intention to take parents' emotions into account suggests they will find a common language to communicate with them. It is nonetheless necessary to organize a nationwide debate about the objectives of fetal ultrasound.