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This brief analyzes malaria in Guinea and its impacts on individuals and the society. It consists of a geographic and demographic presentation of Guinea which includes information about its location, climate, natural resources, ethnic groups, politics and social internal and external challenges where human trafficking, lack of healthcare and refugees are discussed. The brief analyzes malaria´s transmission, diagnosis, preventions and a suggestion for an intervention. Malaria is a vector-borne disease, which means that living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans, spread malaria. 70 percent of all malaria deaths occur in age years, but other groups at high risk are infants, pregnant women, patients with HIV/AIDS, and migrating people (travelers) that are non-immune. The incidence of malaria was 367.8 per 1,000 people at the risk year 2015. Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents death. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are the most effective prevention interventions and preferred in public health programs. The suggested intervention is increasing education which is advocated to promote healthier behavior by creating awareness of risk factors, the symptoms and when to seek health care.

Myanmar is an underdeveloped country that struggles with the problem of lack of medical access and expensive healthcare. The endemic of Malaria has been going on for several years in this country and many efforts have been made to try and decrease the Public Health issue. However, Myanmar still has the highest number of Malaria-related deaths. The Myanmar government is continuously working at improving the healthcare system to help with the Malaria endemic. However, the poor country still continues to struggle with this issue. The parasite, P. falciparum, has been an ongoing issue since it is resistant to the anti-malarial vaccines making the risk of contracting Malaria much higher. Symptoms of this disease are likely to be fatal if they are not addressed within a certain time period. With this disease affecting two-thirds of the population, a lagging healthcare system, and a lack of insecticide-treated nets, this makes Malaria a major concern in Myanmar.

2007 ; 1. Introduction -- 2. Household population and background characteristics of respondents -- 3. Fertility and reproductive health -- 4. Malaria -- Appendix A. Sample design and implementation -- Appendix .B. Estimates of sampling errors -- Appendix C. Data quality tables -- Appendix D. Persons involved in the 2006-07 Angola Malaria Indicator Survey -- Appendix E. Questionnaires ; Ministry of Health, Guyana Responsible Parenthood Association (GRPA), ORC Macro. ; "November 2007." ; "The 2006-07 Angola Malaria Indicator Survey (AMIS 2006-07) was implemented by Consultoria de ServicÌœos e Pesquisas--COSEP, Consultoria, Lda. and Consultoria de Gestão e AdministracÌœão em SauÌ?de--ConsauÌ?de, Lda. from November 2006 to April 2007. All activities were coordinated closely with the Angola Ministry of Health and the National Malaria Control Program. Funding for the AMIS 2006-07 was provided by USAID/Angola, the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) and the UNDP-managed Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance through the MEASURE DHS project of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). MEASURE DHS provides support for the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide." - t.p. verso ; "The 2006-07 Angola Malaria Indicator Survey (AMIS) was conducted under the auspices of the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) within the Ministry of Health (MOH). It was implemented by two private organizations, the Consultoria de ServicÌœos e Pesquisas-COSEP, Consultoria, Lda. and the Consultoria de Gestão e AdministracÌœão em SauÌ?de-ConsauÌ?de, Lda. This is the first survey of its kind in Angola, and the realization of a standardized household survey constitutes an important landmark in the reinclusion of the country into the international community. COSEP, Lda. and ConsauÌ?de, Lda. would like to acknowledge the organizations and individuals who contributed greatly to the successful completion of the 2006-07 AMIS. First of all, our thanks go to the Government of Angola for its commitment to mounting the country's first malaria survey; to the Angola Instituto Nacional de EstadiÌ?stica, for its support of the survey even though it was embarked on important national surveys at the time; to the MOH and NMCP for their contributions towards highlighting survey needs and also for graciously donating Coartem® medicine to treat affected individuals; and to the National Laboratory, for its involvement in the training and microscopic analysis of blood samples. The agencies are particularly grateful to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) for financial and technical support for the survey, to the Malaria Branch of the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) for inputs to the survey design, and to Macro International for substantial technical assistance offered throughout the survey. Thanks also are due to the United Nations Development Programme and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) for supplementary funding and support at critical times." - p. vii ; Published also in Portuguese as: InqueÌ?rito de indicadores dea maÌ?laria : Angola 2006-07. ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Funding: "This publication was made possible through support provided by USAID under the terms of Contract No.; contract number: GPO-C-00-03-00002-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID."--t.p. verso.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 39). ; Consultoria de ServicÌœos e Pesquisas--COSEP Lda., Consultoria de Gestão e AdministracÌœão em SauÌ?de--ConsauÌ?de Lda. [Angola], and Macro International Inc. 2007. Angola Malaria Indicator Survey 2006-07. Calverton, Maryland: COSEP Lda., ConsauÌ?de Lda., and Macro International Inc. ; "This publication was made possible through support provided by USAID under the terms of Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID."--t.p. verso.

Annual report describing activities and progress related to the President's Malaria Initiative; it "outlines the U.S. Government's (USG's) contributions to a dramatic scale-up of malaria prevention and treatment measures across 15 President's Malaria Initiative (PMI)-supported countries over the past four years" (p. 2).

ZusammenfassungIn unserer Notaufnahme stellte sich eine 42-jährige Patientin mit hohem Fieber, Erbrechen und Durchfall vor. Die Vigilanz war deutlich eingeschränkt. Die Vorstellung erfolgte in der 30. Schwangerschaftswoche. Die Patientin war zuvor bei einem Verwandtenbesuch an der Elfenbeinküste. Bei uns konnte eine Malaria tropica Infektion gesichert werden. Bei den übrigen Familienmitgliedern lag ebenfalls eine Malaria tropica vor. Wir geben einen Überblick über die Kriterien für eine komplizierte Malaria tropica und beschreiben das therapeutische Vorgehen, insbesondere mit dem Fokus auf die Behandlung von schwangeren Patientinnen mit einer Malariainfektion.

Recently, there has been a resurgence of malaria in densely populated areas of the United States secondary to human migration from endemic areas where factors such as cessation of vector control, vector resistance to insecticides, disease resistance to drugs, environmental changes, political instability, and indifference, have played a role for malaria becoming an overwhelming infection of these tropical underdeveloped countries. It is important for health care providers of gravida to be alert of the disease and its effects on pregnancy.

This highly topical book provides an in-depth account of the South Asian experience with the deadly disease that has held this region hostage for millennia. The book touches specifically on the resurgence of malaria experienced in the second half of the twentieth century, which occurred just a few years after malaria was thought to have been virtually eradicated from the region. The causes and consequences of this reappearance across space and time are discussed. The book also covers past, present and future ways to curb, control and ultimately, conquer malaria. As malaria continues to ravage

Malaria in Brazil is endemic in the Amazon region, but autochthonous cases with low parasitaemia occur in the Atlantic Forest area of the country. According to Brazilian legislation no test is mandatory for blood donors from non-endemic areas. However if they have traveled to malaria transmission regions they are deferred for six months before they can donate. This report describes a transfusion-transmitted malaria case in Sao Paulo, Brazil, where one recipient received infected blood and developed the disease. He lived in Sao Paulo and had no previous transfusion or trips to endemic areas, including those of low endemicity, such as Atlantic Forest. Thick blood smears confirmed Plasmodiummalariae. All donors lived in Sao Paulo and one of them (Donor 045-0) showed positive hemoscopy and PCR. This asymptomatic donor had traveled to Juquia, in the Atlantic Forest area of S ao Paulo State, where sporadic cases of autochthonous malaria are described. DNA assay revealed P. malariae in the donor's (Donor 045-0) blood. Serum archives of the recipient and of all blood donors were analyzed by ELISA using both P. vivax and P. falciparum antigens, and IFAT with P. malariae. Donor 045-0's serum was P. malariae IFAT positive and the P. vivax ELISA was reactive. In addition, two out of 44 donors' archive sera were also P. vivax ELISA reactive. All sera were P. falciparum ELISA negative. This case suggests the need of reviewing donor selection criteria and deferral strategies to prevent possible cases of transfusion-transmitted malaria. ; No Brasil a malária é endêmica na Amazônia, porém casos autóctones com baixas parasitemias ocorrem na área costeira de Mata Atlântica. De acordo com a legislação brasileira, não são obrigatórios testes para detecção de malária em doadores de sangue de áreas não-endêmicas; entretanto são excluídos por seis meses aqueles com relato de deslocamento para áreas de transmissão. Este trabalho descreve um caso de malária transfusional ocorrido em São Paulo, Brasil, em que um paciente recebeu sangue infectado, desenvolvendo a doença. Ele residia em São Paulo e não apresentava histórico de transfusão anterior ou deslocamentos para áreas endêmicas, incluindo as de baixa endemicidade, como a Mata Atlântica. A gota espessa revelou Plasmodium malariae. Os doadores eram residentes em São Paulo e um deles (045-0) apresentou hemoscopia e PCR positivos. Este era assintomático com PCR positiva para P. malariae e viagem para Juquiá, Mata Atlântica de São Paulo, onde são descritos casos esporádicos de malária autóctone. Amostras de soro do receptor e de todos os doadores foram ensaiadas por ELISA com antígenos de P. vivax e P. falciparum e RIFI com P. malariae. O doador 045-0 apresentou RIFI positiva para P. malariae. ELISA-P. vivax foi reagente no doador infectado (045-0) e em dois dos 44 doadores. Todos os soros foram negativos com antígeno de P. falciparum. Este caso aponta a necessidade de revisão dos critérios de triagem clínico-epidemiológica para evitar casos transfusionais e também adequar as estratégias de exclusão de doadores de sangue.

International audience ; Background In spite of massive efforts to generalize efficient prevention, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) or long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), malaria remains prevalent in many countries and ITN/LLINs are still only used to a limited extent. Methods This study proposes a new model for malaria economic analysis by combining economic epidemiology tools with the literature on poverty traps. A theoretical model of rational protective behaviour in response to malaria is designed, which includes endogenous externalities and disease characteristics. Survey data available for Uganda provide empirical support to the theory of prevalence-elastic protection behaviours, once endogeneity issues related to epidemiology and poverty are solved. Results Two important conclusions emerge from the model. First, agents increase their protective behaviour when malaria is more prevalent in a society. This is consistent with the literature on "prevalence-elastic behaviour". Second, a 'malaria trap' defined as the result of malaria reinforcing poverty while poverty reduces the ability to deal with malaria can theoretically exist and the conditions of existence of the malaria trap are identified. Conclusions These results suggest the possible existence of malaria traps, which provides policy implications. Notably, providing ITN/LLINs at subsidized prices is not sufficient. To be efficient an ITN/LLINs dissemination campaigns should include incentive of the very poor for using ITN/LLINs.

International audience ; Background In spite of massive efforts to generalize efficient prevention, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) or long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), malaria remains prevalent in many countries and ITN/LLINs are still only used to a limited extent. Methods This study proposes a new model for malaria economic analysis by combining economic epidemiology tools with the literature on poverty traps. A theoretical model of rational protective behaviour in response to malaria is designed, which includes endogenous externalities and disease characteristics. Survey data available for Uganda provide empirical support to the theory of prevalence-elastic protection behaviours, once endogeneity issues related to epidemiology and poverty are solved. Results Two important conclusions emerge from the model. First, agents increase their protective behaviour when malaria is more prevalent in a society. This is consistent with the literature on "prevalence-elastic behaviour". Second, a 'malaria trap' defined as the result of malaria reinforcing poverty while poverty reduces the ability to deal with malaria can theoretically exist and the conditions of existence of the malaria trap are identified. Conclusions These results suggest the possible existence of malaria traps, which provides policy implications. Notably, providing ITN/LLINs at subsidized prices is not sufficient. To be efficient an ITN/LLINs dissemination campaigns should include incentive of the very poor for using ITN/LLINs.