Suchergebnisse

Ludwig Holländer ; Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 1898 ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Cam. 160 p-29

The wheat growing, flour milling and bread baking industries (henceforth, for the sake of brevity, 'the industries') are closely interrelated in various ways. [.] In New Zealand most wheat is grown to be milled into flour, with individual farmers usually contracting directly with particular millers for sale of their crop prior to sowing the seed. As the country is not self-sufficient in wheat, the local crop has to be supplemented by substantial imports, mostly from Australia. The bulk of the flour milled (together with a little imported flour from Australia) is used for bread baking, and most bread is now produced in the plant bakeries of the two major producers, which by vertical integration are also the major flour millers. Those same companies are also important producers of other flour-based goods, such as pastry and pies. By-products of flour milling - bran and pollard - are used in the stock feed manufacturing industry. Apart from these vertical links, all industry participants contribute through a levy system to fund research through the Crop and Food Institute and other bodies on wheat breeding and related matters, a process which over several decades has generated wheat varieties better adapted to local conditions and with improved milling and baking qualities. In addition, during the period of heavy regulation of the New Zealand economy from the 1930s to the 1980s, the wheat, flour and bread industries were the subject of especially stringent regulations which recognised their interdependence. This essay is concerned primarily with how the regulations impacted on those industries and, more especially, with how they have adapted to operating in free markets following deregulation over the period 1981-87. In section 2 we look at the history and impact of the regulation of the industries. The following section describes the huge changes in their structures triggered by deregulation, culminating in the formation of three (and more recently, two) vertically-integrated and foreign-owned milling and baking companies. Sections 4, 5, and 6 then overview the background demand and supply conditions in the wheat, flour milling, and bread baking industries respectively. Sections 7, 8, and 9 go on to review the market structures, market conduct and market performance of the industries respectively, with the prime focus being on the bread industry, the major end point of the production chain. Finally, in section 10 the conclusions are drawn together.

This article discusses the impact of the regulation of the Brazilian wheat market on national processing capacities and the aptitude for subsidy absortion by the flour industry. Available data indicate that subsidy regulations did not cause an increment in market concentration. On the contrary, it seems that real profit decreased during the period of subsidy policy, 1970-80

This report covers matters arising from the sale of Milling Corporation of Kenya following the Kenyan government's decision to privatize non-strategic public enterprises. The Milling Corporation of Kenya was one of the government enterprises approved for the first phase of divestiture by the Parastatal Reform Programme Committee. (DÜI-Hff)

Based on the analytical framework of the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of the theory of industrial organisation, the paper analyses those economic conditions that determine the degree of competitiveness in the Latvian dairy and milling industry. The analysis is based on information from milk and grain processing enterprises acquired through a survey carried out at the beginning of 1998. It is shown that the development of market conditions and market behaviour in the sectors examined has in general progressed. Privatisation in both sectors has been completed. While in the dairy sector the majority of processing enterprises were privatised as co-operatives, in the milling industry all enterprises have become closed joint-stock companies. Since the legal status of a co-operative has turned out to be quite problematic for enterprise restructuring, more and more dairy enterprises have started to change into joint-stock companies. Competition in the investigated processing sectors can be considered as functioning. However, in the dairy sector tendencies of stronger horizontal concentration can be observed. The majority of enterprises react in quite an active way to the market conditions. Procurement and marketing channels have been diversified, and considerable investments have been undertaken. Further investments, however, are impeded by high interest rates for credits. As for performance, quite a considerable differentiation between the enterprises in the considered branches could be shown. The main problems seen by the processors are the saturation of the domestic Latvian market, the lack of investment funds, the unstable legislation, the absence of any substantial support from the government, and, in the dairy sector, the low quality of the raw milk. ; Der Diskussionsbeitrag analysiert mit Hilfe des Structure-Conduct-Performance Ansatzes der Industrieökonomik die Faktoren, die die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der lettischen Milch- und Mühlenindustrie beeinflussen. Der Untersuchung liegen Informationen zugrunde, die im Rahmen einer Unternehmensbefragung Anfang 1998 gesammelt wurden. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei der Entwicklung marktwirtschaftlicher Rahmenbedingungen und Verhaltensweisen insgesamt beträchtliche Fort-schritte erzielt worden sind. Die Privatisierung ist in beiden Sektoren fast abgeschlossen. Während dabei im Milchsektor die meisten Betriebe als Genossenschaften privatisiert worden sind, haben alle Betriebe der Mühlenindustrie die Rechtsform einer geschlossenen Aktiengesellschaft angenommen. Da sich aber Genossenschaften als problematisch für die Unternehmensumstrukturierung erwiesen haben, sind mehr und mehr Milchverarbeitungsbetriebe dazu übergegangen, sich in Aktien-gesellschaften umzuwandeln. Der Wettbewerb in den untersuchten Sektoren kann als funktionsfähig bezeichnet werden. Allerdings ist in der Milchindustrie eine zunehmende horizontale Konzentration zu beobachten. Die meisten Betriebe reagieren recht aktiv auf die veränderten marktwirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen. Die Beschaffungs- und Absatzkanäle wurden diversifiziert und es wurden beträchtliche Investitionen getätigt. Weitere Investitionen werden jedoch durch hohe Kreditzinsen behindert. Die Analyse der Leistungsfähigkeit zeigt, dass eine erhebliche Differenzierung zwischen den einzelnen Betrieben in den beiden untersuchten Branchen stattgefunden hat. Als Hauptprobleme der Verarbeitungsbetriebe werden die Sättigung des heimischen Marktes, fehlendes Kapital für Investitionen, eine unsichere Rechtslage und eine fehlende substantielle staatliche Unterstützung betrachtet. Für die Milchindustrie ist darüber hinaus die schlechte Qualität der Rohmilch ein großes Problem.