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Abstract. This paper focuses on the issue of how the local media persist under the conditions of the modest media market in Serbia, especially those that protect the public interest and what they should expect since new media laws were adopted in August 2014. In this respect, the following questions will be asked: how the local public interest will be protected, what is the project co-financing of media and how will it be implemented? Will there be new buyers of the local media owned by the state or will they be extinguished? So far, some models of sustainable local media have been developed. One of the models is a partnership with the civil sector, the second working and conducting business on multiple media platforms, and the third, project financing from donors. On the other hand, the Law on Public Information and Media defines the withdrawal of the state from the media ownership until July 1 2015, and it is considered to what extent and how local governments will continue to allocate money for the media. Some early experiences are mentioned that may be examples of good practice when negotiating funds. Specifically, in the four municipalities of Vojvodina the representatives of the Independent Journalists' Association of Vojvodina and the representatives of OSCE are talking with the representatives of the local authorities on action plans for information development.Key words: local media, media policy, public, media privatization, Serbia, the media market.

Japan has a long history of devastating disasters, but it also has a strong tradition of media organizations striving to contribute to resilience. The local media plays a crucial role in this process as it provides important micro-level information related, e.g., to survivors, lifeline services, and reconstruction (Hiroi, 2000; Yamada, 2004). While studies concerning 'Western' countries have often emphasized the strict news value-orientation and short attention span of media covering disasters, Japanese literature largely focuses on how reporting provides affected publics with vital information and thereby contributes to mitigation (Oda, 1997; Shigyō, 2011; Yamada, 2013). This seems to be the case especially on the local level where media organizations actively take on the perspective of the victims and continue reporting on a long- term basis (Rausch, 2015; Meissner, 2018). The professional role Japanese journalists have adopted, studies have found, is shaped by often extremely close relationships between reporters and their sources, a pattern that originates from traditional local reporting in Japan (Hayashi and Kopper, 2014). The consequence of such close relationships is a grassroots perspective of the journalists who often share with their audiences the same social environment, the same problems and experiences. When covering disasters, reporters often draw from these close-knit local networks and try to directly support citizens affected by disaster (Meissner, 2018). Several examples of this kind of reporting could be witnessed during the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster of 2011, which has received extensive attention by media and journalism scholars inside and outside Japan. Subsequently, this chapter will outline in more detail the factors that influence disaster reporting of local media in Japan. As a first step, it is necessary to understand how the respective media markets in Japan are structured and why the newspaper, often considered the epitome of 'legacy media,' still plays a crucial role for local reporting in Japan.

AbstractThe UK's local press is in a mess. Cut back to the bare bones after years of consolidation and cost‐cutting, hundreds of titles have closed, while many of those that survive are pale imitations of what they were. Revenues have been savaged by the internet and social media, while some in the industry have pointed fingers at council newspapers. But while there are signs of life and innovation in the industry, from newcomers as well as established players, finding funding is an urgent challenge.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER I: THE VOICE OF THE LOCALITY -- 1.THE VOICE OF THE LOCALITY -- CHAPTER II: THE VOICE OF THE VOICELESS: REFLECTIONS OF THE LOCAL, AUDIENCES AND COMMUNITY NEEDS -- 2.1. THE SEGMENTATION OF LOCAL AUDIENCES? FRAGMENTED MEDIA USE AND TYPES OF MEDIA USERS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL -- 2.2. THE EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION CONCERNING CIVIC PARTICIPATION ON LOCAL IDENTITY AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DEPOPULATION -- 2.3. THE LOCAL PRESS AND INDEPENDENCE IN SCOTLAND -- 2.4. "WE'RE HOLDING THE TOWN'S MIRROR": THE SELF-REFERENTIAL DISCOURSES OF THE LOCAL NEWSPAPER CAMDEN ADVERTISERDURING THE CONTROVERSY OVER A PROPOSED ISLAMIC SCHOOL -- CHAPTER III. BUILDING CLOSENESS: THE RELATIONSHIPS BEHIND THE LOCAL -- 3.1 .MEDIA BUILDING COMMUNITY: AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT IN A MICRO-NATION -- 3.2. STRONG LOCAL PRESS VERSUS WEAK LOCAL PRESS IN LOCAL RELATIONS. A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF TWO WEEKLIES IN POLAND -- 3.3. THE PUBLIC AND LOCAL MEDIA JOURNALISTS: AN EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP -- 3.4. SOLUTIONS JOURNALISM AS A SYMPTOM OF FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES FOR FRENCH LOCAL JOURNALISTS -- CHAPTER IV: FILLING THE GAP: LOCAL MEDIA IN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS -- 4.1. LOCAL PUBLIC COMMUNICATION FILLING THE GAP FOR A VANISHING LOCAL MEDIA. A DILEMMA FOR DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN -- 4.2. DIGITIZATION: EMPOWERING REGIONAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC -- 4.3. COLLABORATION AND FUSION OF BASQUE LOCAL MEDIA: OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND FOR CITIZEN PARTICIPATION -- 4.4. AN ACTIVE LOCAL PUBLIC SPHERE: THE ROLE OF NEW MEDIA IN CREATING A CONTEMPORARY LOCAL DEMOCRACY IN THE CASE OF POLAND -- INDEX

This thesis examines the relationship between access to local sources of local mass communication (television, radio, daily and weekly newspapers) and levels of political participation in municipal elections in Ontario using macro and micro level data. Aggregate level data was generated by combining a dataset containing information from all the 1985 municipal elections in Ontario with information about each municipality's local media. This lets us examine elections which take place simultaneously and within the same general political and cultural context but with widely varying configurations of local media present. The aggregate level measures of political participation used are: whether the head of council is elected or acclaimed, the turnout rate, the percentage of incumbents on council and the percentage of council positions contested. Micro level data was gathered from surveys done in the city of Windsor, Ontario before and after the city lost its only televised source of local news. This allows us to examine political participation at the individual level with access to media physically varied. At the survey level two measures of political participation and two levels of community involvement are used: interest in local politics, voting in local politics, attending local government meeting and awareness of local issues. Aggregate findings indicate that the presence of local media affects levels of political participation. In rural areas of the province local media is generally limited to weekly newspapers which usually have positive effects on participation. Urban centres have many different combinations of local media present. The same medium may have different effects on municipalities of different sizes and on different types of political participation, suggesting that the underlying process may be different. There is no clear support for the hypothesis that the number of different types of media present has an effect, although findings suggest different combinations of media may have different effects.Dept. of Communication Studies. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1993 .Y685. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 32-02, page: 0382. Adviser: Kai Hildebrandt. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1993.

The local media market in Poland developed in very particular social conditions, conditions which Nowak 1979, 1981 described as a "social void". As a result, it might be presumed that it was more likely that the new forms of society including local media were formed on the basis of the "bonding" type of social capital rather than the "bridging" type. Th is might be one of the reasons why tight and complex relationships between the local media and other social actors still exist. On the basis of my own qualitative research case studies conducted in four small towns in Poland, this article shows how complex the local relations are and describes the involvement of local journalists and local media owners in these networks of relations which might often be a cause of conflicts of interest individual or institutional or media bias.

AbstractThis article describes the existence of local media, discourse of media information dissemination, and implication of construction of reality in local media. Furthermore, this article contributes in study about top down communication and bottom up communication in rural development, especially in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The change of development paradigm in the world has involved the communication development shift after 1970. The old model of communication development have been rising since the implementation of modernization in the third world. With the pattern of trickle down effect, communication model have been designed as the linier communication process. Nowadays, we can learn about the phenomenon: development communication in globalization, human interaction as information society, roles of ICT (Information and Communication Technology), participation of grass root in community development, and more. Because of that reasons the application of linier communication model does not suitable for the communication system in rural development. Therefore the development communication have no relevance with another system in globalization era. Indonesia is a developing countries with many issues of rural development such as the poverty, political intrigue, conflict of interest, disparity of wealthiness, and sovereignity. Huge amount of the rural community in Indonesia should be the consideration in development policies. Local society in Yogyakarta have strong cultural heritage. Information flow in communication development will be an important point of the communication effectiveness. The grass root people in local area need the right informations which are related with the struggle to reach sovereignity. According to the social culture factor, many local media and community media did the construction of media news with local wisdom discourse.Key words: development, development communication, local media, community media, construction of reality, local wisdom.