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I: Representation and Language -- II: A Mentalistic Theory -- III: Rules -- IV: Translation and Theories -- V: Explanation and Truth -- VI: The Protosemantics of Basic Claims -- VII: The Protosemantics of Complex Claims -- VIII: Representation and Man -- Appendix I. Notes -- Appendix II. Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Paris is one of the cities where French writers of various eras are most willing to place the action of their works. The article is focused on the depiction of Paris in the works of Jacques Prévert (1900–1977), a famous French poet and screenwriter born in Neuilly-sur-Seine near Paris and who spent most of his life in the capital. So it seems logical that the city stands separate in his works. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main linguistic means of representation of Paris in Prévert's poetic and prose texts. The main method of research is linguostylistic and linguoculturological analysis of an authentic literary text. The material for the analysis was selected from the collections "Choses et autres" ("Things and others", 1972), "Grand Bal du Printemps" ("Great Spring Ball", 1951), "Histoires et d'autres histoires" ("Stories and more stories", 1946). Based on the results of the study, a conclusion is made about the specifics of the image of Paris in Prévert's works, the main linguistic means used in the representation of the city are specified, and prospects for further research in the area are outlined.

Although numerous studies have examined the representation of sexual violence in news and legal discourse, less is known about its representation when it occurs in the context of military and political conflict. This study analyses reports from the New York Times on two such contexts: the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Analysis reveals both similarities with the language used to report rape in non-conflict settings, and differences between the language used to describe rape and sexual abuse in the two settings. It is argued that reporting on the DRC uses an illustrative frame, which presents violence against women in sexualized terms and neglects to identify perpetrators or interrogate their motives. Reporting on Abu Ghraib, by contrast, uses an investigative frame, which de-emphasizes both the sexual nature of the abuse and the experiences of victims, focusing instead on the perpetrators as objects of judicial examination.

Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate the significance of the "audience" factor in students' representations of their university environment. Reliable differences were found in students' written descriptions for "self," "intimate-other," and "distant other." These differences, in terms of scoring categories related to the concept of "inner" versus "external" speech, point to the necessity of considering the role of "audience" in studies of the representation of the I macroenvironment. Explored are some implications of these different forms of I environmental representation for an understanding of the individual's experience I of the environment.

José L. Zalabardo defends a pragmatist account of the meaning of central semantic discourses--ascriptions of truth, of propositional attitudes, and of meanings. On Zalabardo's account, what makes the sentences of these discourses have the meanings they have are the procedures that regulate their acceptance and rejection.

Crime and Corpus -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication page -- Epigraph page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Introduction -- 1.1 Crime as a social phenomenon -- 1.2 Language and crime theories -- 1.3 The structure of this book -- Crime theories and the media -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Crime theories -- 2.2.1 Offender theories -- 2.2.1.1 Offenders and labelling theory -- 2.2.2 Victims and victimology -- 2.3 Recent tendencies and restorative justice -- 2.4 Risk and fear of crime -- 2.5 The fascination of crime -- 2.6 Moral panics -- 2.7 Criteria of newsworthiness -- Critical language studies and critical stylistics -- 3.1 Concepts and definitions -- 3.1.1 Text -- 3.1.2 Ideology -- 3.1.3 Discourse -- 3.1.4 Power -- 3.2 Critical language studies -- 3.2.1 Critical linguistics -- 3.2.2 Critical discourse analysis and its major approaches -- 3.2.2.1 The marxist approach -- 3.2.2.2 The socio-cognitive approach -- 3.2.2.3 The discourse-historical approach -- 3.2.2.4 The socio-semantic approach -- 3.2.3 The cultural, the multimodal, and the cognitive approach to CDA -- 3.2.4 Critical views on CDA -- 3.3 Critical Stylistics -- 3.3.1 The methods of critical stylistics -- 3.3.1.1 Naming and describing -- 3.3.1.2 Representing actions/events/states - Transitivity analysis and verb voice -- 3.3.1.3 Equating and contrasting -- 3.3.1.4 Implying and assuming -- 3.3.1.5 Hypothesising - Modality -- 3.3.1.6 Presenting other's speech, thoughts, and writing -- Corpus linguistics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Different approaches to corpus linguistics -- 4.3 Different types of corpora -- 4.4 Reference corpora -- 4.5 The software package WordSmith tools -- 4.5.1 Wordlist/frequency list -- 4.5.2 Dispersion plots -- 4.5.3 Concordances, collocates, colligates, connotations, and semantic prosody

The life and work of the modern Belgian writer Amélie Nothomb are directly connected with Japan and Japanese culture, so her works can be considered as important sources of knowledge about the country, which remained closed to foreigners for several centuries and does not often come into the focus of attention of modern French-speaking authors. In particular, the autobiographical novel "Tokyo Fiancée" ("Ni d'Ève ni d'Adam", 2007) is an example of a detailed description of cross-cultural Japanese-Belgian contacts, as well as the behavior of representatives of Japanese linguoculture in everyday life, which the author had the opportunity to observe during her life in Japan. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main linguistic means of representing cultural otherness and, as a consequence of that otherness, ethno-cultural dissonance in the above-mentioned novel. The paper also clarifies the key concepts of ethno-cultural dissonance and otherness. The main research methods are linguistic-stylistic and linguistic-cultural analysis of an authentic literary text. Based on the results of the research, conclusions will be formulated about the specifics in the linguistic representation of ethno-cultural dissonance and cultural otherness in the novel under analysis.

В статье рассматриваются языковые особенности в представлении СССР во французских учебных текстах на материале используемых в гимназиях и колледжах учебников под редакцией С. Бернстайна и П. Милза. Цель данной статьи - выявить языковые средства в описании роли СССР во Второй мировой войне. Обращение к материалу учебников позволяет понять основы французского миропонимания, однако языковая сторона представления Советского Союза в учебных исторических текстах на французском языке не изучена в современной лингвистике, чем обусловлена актуальность данной работы. Основными методами исследования послужил поиск и выявление в тексте французских учебников ключевых слов (Советский Союз, победа, разгром, названия стран, имена руководителей). Изучив материал исследования, авторы делают вывод, что, хотя именно СССР стал той страной, которая определила ход войны и победу над Германией, в репрезентации страны-победителя не используется лексика со значением «героизм» и «победитель». Французские учебники по истории способствуют созданию образа СССР не как страны, внесшей решающий вклад в победу над фашизмом, а в лучшем случае как помощника англосаксов и как источник потенциальной опасности.
The article examines the linguistic features of the USSR representation in educational texts on the sample of textbooks edited by S. Bernstein and P. Milza used in French gymnasiums and colleges. The article aims to identify and systematize linguistic means in describing the role of the USSR in World War II. The research seems to be scientifically important as the representation of the USSR in French educational historical texts has not been studied in modern linguistics yet, and the material of textbooks makes us understand the basics of the French world perception. The analysis of the linguistic representation of the USSR was based on the presence in the French text of such keywords as USSR / Soviet Union, victory, tournant / turning point, names of countries, cities, and names of leaders. The authors conclude that the French textbook does not consider the USSR to be the main contributor in the outcome of the war, as there are no words meaning "heroism" or "winner" when depicting the USSR. The linguistic means and techniques used by the French authors create the USSR image not as a country that played a decisive role to win the victory over fascism, but as an assistant to the Anglo-Saxons (at best) and as a source of potential danger.

Important subjects such as Flat Earth, global warming, Covid 19, Ukrainian war have given out the existence of two major factions on antagonistic stances, the pros and the cons, that aggressively deny their adversaries' opinions on any of the aforementioned topics. One side's arguments formed by heavy reliance on previous beliefs that stand in high credibility (Nilsson 2014, 16) to that group are denied by the other side's that builds, at their turn, their current beliefs on others their group is usually fond of. This article aims at inventorying the discursive practices which each side makes use of firstly in building their own arguments for their believers and secondly in dismantling the discourse of the opponents. In building their own arguments, the focus of the analysis will be laid on the persuasive strategies used to convince those that already have a serious grounding in either of the sides. In dismantling the others', special attention will be paid to address formulas and any other derogatory means used for the credibilisation of one's stand and the discreditation of the others'.