Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- 1 About Limestone -- 1.1 Limestone Production -- 1.2 Limestone Uses and Consuming Industries -- 1.2.1 Limestone as Major and Minor Minerals -- 1.3 Limestone Versus Dolomite: Mineralogical and Chemical Composition -- 1.3.1 Role of Silica in Limestone and Physico-Mechanical Properties -- 1.4 Geological Occurrences in India -- 1.4.1 Limestone Belts of India -- 1.4.2 Mainland and Coastland Deposits -- 1.5 Limestone Nomenclature in Other Countries -- 1.6 Limestone Consumption Factor (LCF) -- 1.7 General Characteristics of Limestone Regions -- 1.8 Limestone in Future Perspective -- References -- 2 Excavation of Limestone -- 2.1 Basic Concepts -- 2.2 Mining Limestone Using Surface Mining Methods -- 2.2.1 Excavation Methods -- 2.2.2 Surface Miners -- 2.2.3 Open Cast Versus Open Pit and Hill Versus Plain -- 2.2.4 Mining and Environment Overview -- 2.3 Underground Mining of Limestone -- 2.4 Critiques and Gaps in Mining and Environmental Practices: Some Facts -- 2.4.1 Problems and Prospects of Opencast Mine Safety -- 2.5 Statutory Compliance and Clearances Concerning Limestone Mining -- 2.6 Hot Spots in Limestone Mining -- 2.6.1 Energy Saving and Raw Material Handling -- 2.6.2 Circular Economy -- 2.7 Latest Trends in Limestone Mining -- 2.8 Quality Control in Limestone Mining -- References -- 3 Limestone Mining, Industry, and Society -- 3.1 Clean Technology Options, Industry, and Society -- 3.1.1 Clean Technology Mining Options -- 3.1.2 Society and Industry -- 3.2 Policy Framework -- 3.2.1 Limestone-Related Industry-Specific Standards -- 3.2.2 ISO Certification -- 3.2.3 Economic Policies and Environment -- 3.2.4 Some Other Aspects of Policy Framework.

This paper describes a mixed flow reactor experiment and associated data analysis scheme that are well suited for studying the chemical and physical processes that occur in limestone drains used to treat acid mine drainage (AMD). The experiment simulates the slowly evolving, near steady state, reactions that form coatings on limestone. The resulting coatings can be recovered for analysis of their structure and composition. Analysis of the time evolution of the composition of the effluent solutions is used to isolate and understand key factors that affect limestone drain performance. The experiment investigated reactions between acidic aluminum sulfate solutions and calcite. The aluminum sulfate feed solutions contained 0.002-0.01 molal (32-329 mg/kg) Al and had pH values ranging from 3.7 to 4.2. At the beginning each experiment, the rate of H+ consumption by reaction with the calcite was fast causing a distinct increase of the effluent pH. The pH increase caused some of the dissolved Al to precipitate as a coating on the calcite surfaces. The coating blocked the transfer of ions to and from the calcite causing the reaction rates to be limited by ion diffusion through the coating. The continued growth of the coating caused it to become an increasingly effective barrier to ion transport, which caused the neutralization rate to slow and the effluent solution pH to decline toward that of the feed solution. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggested that the coatings were mostly poorly crystalline gibbsite. Effluent solutions were analyzed to determine pH along with Al, Ca and S concentrations. The coating thickness at each sample time was estimated from the amount of Al lost from the solution since the beginning of the experiment. This thickness and the Ca and H+ fluxes were used to find the apparent H+ diffusion coefficient in the coatings. ; Department of Geosciences at Virginia Tech; College of Science at Virginia Tech; Graduate School at Virginia Tech ; Palomino-Ore thanks the Fulbright program for the opportunity to study in the USA and the Department of Geosciences, the College of Science and the Graduate School at Virginia Tech for financial support. We thank F. Marc Michel for manufacturing the reactor used in this study. We thank Neil Johnson for help with the XRD, Qing Tang for help with the SEM, and Athena Tilley for ICP OES analyses. We greatly appreciate helpful reviews by Charles Cravotta, Kate Campbell, and Jane Hammarstrom. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The existence of tank farms in the vicinity of cities is a principal component of the urban vulnerability and risk conditions. Even if such environments have been accepted in the past, the enforcement of stricter environmental legislations and the emerging of a strong public opposition towards this co-existence, usually result in the relocation of the facilities. Nevertheless, the relocation process has to overcome a great deal of issues, such as high land cost and strong opposition from neighbouring communities, that often hinder or might even postpone the whole project. Answer to such standstill cases can be given by the development of underground complexes that can facilitate the storage requirements, efficiently and with enhanced environmental protection. Hence, the first area that should be considered for the tank farm relocation is found right beneath the existing facilities. This paper presents the Greek experience, paying special attention to the storage facilities found in the Perama area. The development of an underground storage complex is proposed in that particular area, which could finally offer a viable solution, satisfying the interests of all involved parties. The unlined caverns are to be excavated in limestone bedrock and the characteristics of this alternative are illustrated in detail, followed by the comparative cost analysis between the underground scheme and the surface relocation of the tank farm to another area in Attica. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 38 ; The limestone building material that has dominated the national market for more than a century is produced in the Bloomington-Bedford district of southern Indiana. Through the years the economy of this two-county area has grown and diversified, so that the stone industry no longer holds the prominent position it once held, but its influence on the economy of earlier years and on the established traditions is inescapable. More than 100 buildings on the Bloomington campus of Indiana University are of limestone from the district, as are nearly all government buildings and countless homes and commercial structures in both Bloomington and Bedford. Oolitic, a small town near the center of the building-stone district, traces its name back to the settlement of the area by immigrant stone workers from England who noticed the similarity of the Salem Limestone to the Portland Oolite, a popular building stone in England. The names of buildings, fraternal organizations, and school mascots testify to the influence of the stone industry on the people. The area has had a rich history because of uncommon properties of a common rock, limestone. The building-stone district has attracted geologists, architects, and laymen from all states and many foreign countries, and through the years we have guided hundreds of people through the quarries and mills. Always we have been warmly received by the owners and the workers. Partly on the basis of these tours and on questions that were asked during the tours, we prepared a guidebook that was first used at the meeting of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America in Bloomington on April 12, 1980. This paper has been modified from that coverage (Patton and Carr, 1980). ; Indiana Department of Natural Resources

"Dying Inside brings the reader face-to-face with the nightmarish conditions inside Limestone Prison's Dorm 16 -- the segregated HIV ward. Here, patients chained to beds share their space with insects and vermin in the filthy, drafty rooms, and contagious diseases spread like wildfire through a population with untreated -- or poorly managed at best -- HIV. While Dorm 16 is a particularly horrific human rights tragedy, it is also a symptom of a disease afflicting the entire U.S. prison system. In recent decades, prison populations have exploded as Americans made mass incarceration the solution to crime, drugs, and other social problems even as privatization of prison services, especially health care, resulted in an overcrowded, underfunded system in which the most marginalized members of our society slowly wither from what the author calls "lethal abandonment." This eye-opening account of one prison's failed health-care standards is a wake-up call, asking us to examine how we treat our forgotten citizens and compelling us to rethink the American prison system in this increasingly punitive age."--Jacket

Here are discussed results of salt weathering laboratory tests on specimens of three limestones, two grainstones (designated as Semi-rijo and Moca Creme) and a travertine, considering parameters related to an initial ma ss in creasing phase and to mass differences between cycles in the mass decreasing phase. Results show a good ordinal correlation between final mass loss and maximum difference between cycles that differentiates the considered rock types. ; The Lab2PT, Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (UID/ECI/04028/2013) of the University of Minho and the CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (UID/ECI/04028/2013) of the Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon are supported by the FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), with Portuguese funds and funds from the European Union (FEDER, Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização, POCI, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007528). The experimental data here discussed were obtained in the context of the Project PORENET (POCTI/CTA/44940/2002) also funded by the FCT. Acknowledgments also to Eng. Teresa Luís, Eng. Sónia Pereira, and Enterprise Mármores Galrão for the rock blocks ...

Abstract. Industrial side stream utilisation is generating more interest nowadays and it's is being researched more and more. By-products and wastes might be suitable material for other processes, disposing them causes additional costs and part of the production costs have sunk into them as well. Research for new applications and utilisation possibilities is important, but at least as important is to examine the economic feasibility of industrial side stream utilisation. This thesis focuses on side streams created by SMA Mineral's burnt lime and dolomite processes. Core of this work is to explore the utilisation of limestone processing side streams in the context of circular economy and examine the possible economic benefits of utilising them. Thesis aims to develop 2 or 3 value chain scenarios in which fine calcite, fine dolomite, filter ash and partly burnt lime generated in the processes is utilised. Business cases of selected scenarios are also presented, and rough financial analysis is done to estimate possible economic benefit of each case. The research methods used are qualitative and descriptive for the most part. The most important part of the empiric research was the innovation workshop, where the value chain scenarios were selected and fleshed out. Interviews were conducted to supplement the workshop before and afterwards. Business cases of each scenario were presented to estimate possible economic benefit. Theoretic foundation was built by doing a literature review on circular economy and relevant concepts such as business ecosystems and value chains. Three value chain scenarios were created and presented in this work: reactive surface structure, lake liming and granulation. Briquettes and granules showed most potential economic benefit (possible profit + disposal savings). Surface structure and lake liming were technically feasible and offered more economic benefits when compared to disposal. Results of this thesis can be used to decide the next step to improve SMA Mineral's resource efficiency. They can be used to select possible topics for further research to continue to develop a scenario or to get additional information. The results of this thesis are quite context specific. Chosen scenarios are susceptible for company location and goals. The results are also at this moment of time and they could be irrelevant in ten years because of major changes in legislation for example. However, methods used to select and depict value chain scenarios are suitable to research utilisation of other industrial side streams and analyse their economic feasibility.Kalkkikiven jalostuksen sivuvirtojen hyödyntämisen kannattavuusanalyysi. Tiivistelmä. Teollisuuden sivutuotteiden ja jätteiden hyödyntäminen on yhä tärkeämpää ja suuremman mielenkiinnon ja tutkimuksen kohteena. Sivutuotteisiin ja jätteisiin on sitoutunut arvoa tuotantoprosesseissa tuotantokulujen myötä, niiden hävittäminen aiheuttaa myös kustannuksia ja ne voivat olla vielä sinänsä kelvollista materiaalia uusien tuotteiden valmistamiseksi. Tekninen tutkimus ja tuotekehitys ovat tärkeää sivutuotteiden hyödyntämiseksi, mutta yhtä lailla on tärkeää tarkastella teollisuuden sivutuotteiden hyödyntämistä myös taloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Tämän työn aiheena ovat SMA Mineralin kalkinpoltossa ja dolomiitin murskauksessa syntyvien sivutuotteiden hyödyntäminen. Työ keskittyy tarkastelemaan sivutuotteiden käyttöä kiertotalouden periaatteiden asettamassa kontekstissa ja arvioimaan hyödyntämisen kaupallista hyötyä. Työn tavoitteena on kehittää kahdesta kolmeen lupaavaa arvoketjuskenaariota tuotantoprosesseissa syntyvien alitekalsiitin, suodatinpölyn, epäkurantin poltetun kalkin ja hienojakoisen dolomiitin hyödyntämiseksi. Lisäksi valittujen skenaarioiden business caset esitetään ja analysoidaan alustavan taloudellisen hyödyn arvioimiseksi. Työssä käytetään pääasiassa kvalitatiivisia ja deskriptiivisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä. Suurin osa työstä perustuu järjestettyyn innovaatiotyöpajaan, jossa valittiin arvoketjuskenaariot analysoitavaksi. Lisäksi haastatteluita käytettiin työpajan täydentämiseksi. Lisäksi käytettiin business case analyysia skenaarioiden taloudellisen hyödyn arvioimiseksi. Teoreettinen pohja rakennettiin perusteellisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella, jossa käsiteltiin keskeisiä teemoja teollisuuden sivuvirtojen taloudelliseen analysointiin. Työn tärkeimpänä tuloksena oli kolme arvoketjuskenaariota; reaktiivinen pintarakenne, vesistöjen kalkitus ja sivutuotteiden agglomerointi (rakeistaminen ja briketöinti). Kaupallisen hyödyn puolesta kiinnostavimpia olivat rakeistus ja briketöinti, joiden taloudellinen hyöty (tuotto + säästyneet jätekulut) olivat suurimmat. Tekniseltä kannalta tarkasteltuna pintarakenne ja vesistöjen kalkitus olivat myös toimivia ratkaisuja ja kannattavia läjitykseen verrattuna. Työn tulokset toimivat pohjana seuraaville askeleille SMA Mineralin materiaalitehokkuuden parantamisessa. Niiden avulla voidaan valita mahdollisia jatkotutkimuksen kohteita skenaarioiden jatkokehittämiseksi tai tarkempien lisätietojen saamiseksi. Työn tulokset ovat varsin spesifisiä työn kontekstille. Valitut skenaariot vaihtelevat esimerkiksi yrityksen sijainnin ja tavoitteiden mukaan. Lisäksi työ on aikasidonnainen ja tulokset voivat olla hyvin irrelevantteja esimerkiksi kymmenen vuoden päästä. Skenaarioiden valitsemiseen ja analysointiin käytetyt menetelmät soveltuvat kuitenkin muidenkin alojen sivuvirtojen hyödyntämisen analysointiin.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021. You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (493MB) or high resolution ( 4.30GB ). This is Part II of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Perak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021. You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (653MB) or high resolution ( 4.14GB ). This is Part III of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Kedah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021. You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (120MB) or high resolution (120MB). This is Part VI of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Sarawak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.