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Different lignocellulosic biomass sources were characterized energetically along a study period of two years in Huelva (southwestern region in Spain) for energy production. Then, the different kinds of lignocellulosic biomass obtained from these sources were evaluated and classified according to use, such as fuel for electric power generation in the area. The groupings of the average moisture content values and average gross heating values (over dry basis) of the samples analyzed were made based on the type of material, and for larger groups (with a significant dispersion of the gross heating values), the average values were estimated in subgroups or "characteristic groups." A six-cluster scheme allowed us to classify the different groups of materials. The average gross heating values of the six different clusters (raw materials) showed significant similarities. It was observed that softwood and related materials typically have values in the region of 20.0 MJ/kg, and hardwood, such as that from Eucalyptus globulus, yields about 18.0 MJ/kg, whereas other deciduous plants (and their residues) give lower values. ; The authors are grateful for the FPU grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education. Also, they extend their thanks to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation by the "Ramon y Cajal" contract and by the "Juan de la Cierva" contract. The authors acknowledge Spanish financial support from CICYT-FEDER (Science and Technology Inter Ministerial Commission, Spanish Government - European Regional Development Fund), project number AGL 2009-13113 and the business group ENCE, S. A. (San Juan del Puerto factory, Huelva, Spain) for providing the samples.

[EN] Wood chips were hydrothermally treated in near critical point water in the presence of a catalyst to yield a raw biocrude, containing a wide range of organic components. This product was subsequently distilled to remove its heaviest fraction, which tends to yield chary products if heated above 350 degrees C. The biocrude obtained has an oxygen content of 12wt% and was subsequently hydrotreated to obtain a hydrocarbon stream. Varying the hydrotreatment operating conditions and catalyst yielded a deoxygenated syncrude which quality improved with operation severity. The hydroprocessed stream produced under very mild conditions can be further upgraded in conventional refinery operations while the stream produced after more severe hydrotreatment can be mixed with conventional diesel. This proof of concept was demonstrated with commercial hydrotreating catalysts, operating between 350 and 380 degrees C, 40 to 120bar pressure and 0.5 to 1h(-1) contact time. ; The authors thank Licella for material and financial support, as well as providing the biocrude used for the hydrotreating experiments. Licella gratefully acknowledges support from the Australian Government in the form of funding as part of the Advanced Biofuels Investment Readiness Program, received through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through program "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267), CTQ2015-70126-R (MINECO/FEDER), and by the Generalitat Valenciana through the Prometeo program (PROMETEOII/2013/011) is also acknowledged. ; Mathieu, Y.; Sauvanaud, LL.; Humphreys, L.; Rowlands, W.; Maschmeyer, T.; Corma Canós, A. (2017). Production of High Quality Syncrude from Lignocellulosic Biomass. ChemCatChem. 9(9):1574-1578. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201601677 ; S ; 1574 ; 1578 ; 9 ; 9 ; Huber, G. W., & Corma, A. (2007). Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(38), 7184-7201. doi:10.1002/anie.200604504 ; Huber, ...

AbstractResidual lignocellulosic biomass (RLB) is a valuable resource that can help address environmental issues by serving as an alternative to fossil fuels and as a raw material for producing various value-added molecules. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the use of lignocellulosic waste in South America, a review was conducted over the last 4 years. The review focused on energy generation, biofuel production, obtaining platform molecules (such as ethanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and levulinic acid), and other materials of interest. The review found that Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador had the most RLB sources, with sugarcane, oil palm, and rice crop residues being the most prominent. In South America, RLB is used to produce biogas, syngas, hydrogen, bio-oil, biodiesel, torrefied biomass, pellets, and biomass briquettes. The most studied and produced value-added molecule was ethanol, followed by furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid. Other applications of interest that have been developed with RLB include obtaining activated carbon and nanomaterials. Significant progress has been made in South America in utilizing RLB, and some countries have been more proactive in regulating its use. However, there is still much to learn about the potential of RLB in each country. This review provides an updated perspective on the typification and valorization of residual biomass in South America and discusses the level of research and technology being applied in the region. This information can be helpful for future research on RLB in South America.

Cellulases catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose. Improving their catalytic efficiency is a long-standing goal in biotechnology given the interest in lignocellulosic biomass decomposition. Although methods based on sequence alteration exist, improving cellulases is still a challenge. Here we show that Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction can "resurrect" efficient cellulases. This technique reconstructs enzymes from extinct organisms that lived in the harsh environments of ancient Earth. We obtain ancestral bacterial endoglucanases from the late Archean eon that efficiently work in a broad range of temperatures (30–90 °C), pH values (4–10). The oldest enzyme (~2800 million years) processes different lignocellulosic substrates, showing processive activity and doubling the activity of modern enzymes in some conditions. We solve its crystal structure to 1.45 Å which, together with molecular dynamics simulations, uncovers key features underlying its activity. This ancestral endoglucanase shows good synergy in combination with other lignocellulosic enzymes as well as when integrated into a bacterial cellulosome. ; We thank Prof. Ed Bayer's group for kindly providing the plasmids used in the minicellulosome constructs. Research was supported by the Basque Government grant ELKARTEK to R.P.-J, and also partly by Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant BIO2016-77390-R, BFU2015-71964 to R.P.-J., BIO2016-74875-P to J. A.G., and CTQ2015-65320-R and RYC-2016-19590 to D.D.S.; European Commission grant CIG Marie Curie Reintegration program FP7-PEOPLE-2014 to R.P.-J, and European Commission grant NMP-FP7 604530-2 (CellulosomePlus), and the ERA-IB EIB.12.022 grant (FiberFuel) funded by the MINECO (PCIN-2013-011-C02-01) to M.C.-V. We also thank Fundación Repsol and Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia for financial support.

[EN] The objectives fixed by world's governments concerning energy transition have aroused interest on lignocellulosic biomass utilization for bioenergy and green chemistry applications. However, due to their resistant structure, deconstructive pretreatments are necessary to render possible biological conversions of these lignocellulosic residues. Microwave (MW) treatment has been reported as efficient in many biotechnology fields; biomass pretreatment for biorefinery purposes is another possible application. This work presents the effects of MW pretreatment on underexploited natural agri-food biomass of economic interest: wheat bran, miscanthus stalks and corn stalks. Various parameters were studied including solvent, power density, treatment duration, pressure. Effects were evaluated by a complete biomass characterization before and after treatment, with main focus on phenolic acids release. In the tested conditions and when compared to the high NaOH consumption reference extraction method for phenolic acids, the atmospheric pressure (open vessel) microwave treatment did not allow attaining high acid yields (Fig.1). The most important parameters for improving treatment efficiency were power density and solvent. In order to increase yields, microwave treatments under pressure were carried out to reach higher temperatures while taking care as to not exceed the acid denaturation temperature (150°C) and to avoid the formation of inhibitors. Phenolic acids yields and biomass composition are currently being processed and will be discussed. ; Authors would like to thank Nicolas Holfeltz, NH Verre France for his help in designing the microwave reactor. The authors also thank Yannick Sire from INRA Pech Rouge for phenolic acids analysis. ; Bichot, A.; Radoiu, M.; Bernet, N.; Mechin, V.; Delgenès, J.; García Bernet, D. (2019). Microwave pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to release maximum phenolic acids. En AMPERE 2019. 17th International Conference on Microwave and High Frequency Heating. Editorial Universitat ...

In the search for renewable energy resources, bioconversion to methane from lignocellulosic biomasses is one of the most promising alternatives. However, the selection of resources depends not only on their availability but also on their biophysico-chemical characteristics. Their structure, composition and presence of undesirable fractions affect their bioconversion to methane. In this study, the overall characteristics (content of total organic matter, water-soluble organic matter), biochemical (soluble fractions, hemicellulose, cellulose and residual fraction) and bioreactivity (biological oxygen demand measurement — BDO28, and biomethanogenic potential — PBM60) were measured on 25 samples. The comparison of the data by the statistical method of analysis by main component (ACP) led to the identification of the correct correlation between PBM60 and BOD28, and an inverse correlation with the residual RES content, corresponding to the woody fraction of organic matter. On the other hand, there seems to be no correlation between PBM and organic matter levels (MV, COD or TOC), water-soluble COD (COD) and the three soluble biochemical fractions, hemicellulose and cellulose. The results of this study therefore indicate that the prediction of PBM requires the identification of other parameters that would allow the structural characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass to be taken into account. ; International audience In the selection for renewable energy resources, the bioconversion of biomasses rich in lignocellulose in methane is one of the most promising alternatives. However, the selection of the resources depends not only on their availability but also on their organicphysico-chemical characteristics. Their structure, their composition and the presence of unwanted fractions have consequences on their bioconversion in methane. In this study, the global characteristics (total organic matter, water soluble organic matter), biochemical fractionation (soluble fractions, hemicellulose, cellulose and residual fraction) ...

Abstract
Bioethanol is currently the only alternative to gasoline that can be used immediately without having to make any significant changes in the way fuel is distributed. In addition, the carbon dioxide (CO2) released during the combustion of bioethanol is the same as that used by the plant in the atmosphere for its growth, so it does not participate in the increase of the greenhouse effect. Bioethanol can be obtained by fermentation of plants containing sucrose (beet, sugar cane…) or starch (wheat, corn…). However, large-scale use of bioethanol implies the use of very large agricultural surfaces for maize or sugarcane production. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as agricultural residues for the production of bioethanol seems to be a solution to this problem due to its high availability and low cost even if its growth still faces technological difficulties. In this review, we present an overview of lignocellulosic biomass, the different methods of pre-treatment of LCB and the various fermentation processes that can be used to produce bioethanol from LCB.

The goal of this paper is to review and critically assess different methods to monitor key process variables for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Because cellulose-based biofuels cannot yet compete with noncellulosic biofuels, process control and optimization are of importance to lower the production costs. This study reviews different monitoring schemes, to indicate what the added value of real-time monitoring is for process control. Furthermore, a comparison is made on different monitoring techniques to measure the off-gas, the concentrations of dissolved components in the inlet to the process, the concentrations of dissolved components in the reactor, and the biomass concentration. Finally, soft sensor techniques and available models are discussed, to give an overview of modeling techniques that analyze data, with the aim of coupling the soft sensor predictions to the control and optimization of cellulose to ethanol fermentation. The paper ends with a discussion of future needs and developments ; This work was partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Region Zealand (Denmark) through the BIOPRO-SMV project. Furthermore, the work received funding from Innovation Fund Denmark (BIOPRO2 strategic research center, project number 4105-00020B). This project has also been supported partially by the EUDP project 'Demonstration of 2G ethanol in full scale, MEC' (Jr. no. 64015–0642). Finally, we wish to acknowledge the support obtained from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 713683 (COFUNDfellowsDTU) and from the Danish Council for Independent Research in the frame of the DFF FTP research project GREENLOGIC (grant agreement number 7017-00175A). Miguel Mauricio-Iglesias belongs to the Galician Competitive Research Group GRC2013-032 and the CRETUS strategic partnership (AGRUP2015/02), co-funded by FEDER (EU) ; SI

The thermo-chemical route, especially the gasification process is considered. This process converts carbonaceous biomass into combustible gas (CO, H2, CO2, CH4 and impurities) called syngas and this syngas can be converted into a large range of products. Production of four of these compounds is specifically investigated: ethylene, propylene, diesel and DME. Diesel can be produced via a Fischer-Tropsch process, whereas DME (dimethyl ether) can be obtained directly or from methanol which is obtained from syngas. DME and diesel can serve as fuels in traditional motors. Syngas can also be used to produce ethylene and propylene, two building blocks for the chemical industry. An important bibliography study has been done to understand these processes in order to evaluate their environmental impacts. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology will be used in this regard. A bibliography study on the LCA articles published in this filled has been performed and it appears that few studies have yet focused on the environmental impacts of the gasification process and production of biofuels. Most of the time, they do not use the LCA methodology or they do not take into account land use change impact and are only "well-to-tank" studies. Moreover, it seems that the production of building blocks for the chemical industry has never been investigated. During the next stages of this work, the best conversion routes of lignocellulosic biomass, in an environmental sense, will be determined. Gasification will also be compared with the fossil sector and the results will be checked by sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The economic aspect will also be taken into account, for the better process, in an environmental view. So, the results of the full study will be a decision making tool for the industries involved in biomass valorisation and for governments. ; Peer reviewed

The main aim of BioTrade2020plus is to provide guidelines for the development of a European Bioenergy Trade Strategy for 2020 and beyond ensuring that imported biomass feedstock is sustainably sourced and used in an efficient way, while avoiding distortion of other (non-energy) markets. This will be accomplished by analyzing the potentials (technical, economical and sustainable) and assessing key sustainability risks of current and future lignocellulosic biomass and bioenergy carriers. Focus will be placed on wood chips, pellets, torrefied biomass and pyrolysis oil from current and potential future major sourcing regions of the world (US-SE, Ukraine, South America, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa). BioTrade2020plus will thus provide support to the use of stable, sustainable, competitively priced and resource-efficient flows of imported biomass feedstock to the EU – a necessary pre-requisite for the development of the bio-based economy in Europe. In order to achieve this objective close cooperation will be ensured with current international initiatives such as IEA Bioenergy Task 40 on "Sustainable International Bioenergy Trade - Securing Supply and Demand" and European projects such as Biomass Policies, S2BIOM, Biomass Trade Centers, DIA-CORE, and PELLCERT.