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To overcome the obstacle of antimicrobial resistance, researchers are investigating the use of phage therapy as an alternative and/or supplementation to antibiotics to treat and prevent infections both in humans and in animals. In the first part of this review, we describe the unique biological characteristics of bacteriophages and the crucial aspects influencing the success of phage therapy. However, despite their efficacy and safety, there is still no specific legislation that regulates their use. In the second part of this review, we describe the comprehensive research done in the past and recent years to address the use of phage therapy for the treatment and prevention of bacterial disease affecting domestic animals as an alternative to antibiotic treatments. While in farm animals, phage therapy efficacy perspectives have been widely studied in vitro and in vivo, especially for zoonoses and diseases linked to economic losses (such as mastitis), in pets, studies are still few and rather recent.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of digitization in the field of veterinary medicine in the Republic Macedonia and its development tendencies. Digital technologies have enormous potential in advancing the technology in the field of veterinary medicine. Technological advances greatly help to improve the quality of life, not only of humans but also of animals. If in the past paper was the only way to store information, today, with the application of modern information digital technologies, already in our country we can talk about the processes of digitalization through program network connection of the Food and Veterinary Agency (FVA) and veterinary companies, which means keeping records without papers. In fact, one of the major benefits of digital transformations in veterinary practice is the digitization of medical records, that is, everything related to productive animals and pets raised by farmers and individuals. In R.N. Macedonia, all veterinary companies use the IT application of the Food and Veterinary Agency, the socalled Information system, in which the data is entered by the licensed veterinary companies regarding the number, health and welfare of the animals. Based on the obtained data, the Government and the line ministry of Agriculture, Water Economy and Forestry use them to develop strategies for the development of livestock which is a target area of veterinary medicine. Keywords: FVA, Veterinary societies, digitalization, veterinary practice.

The European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (EUFEPS) was founded 25 years ago by more than 20 national pharmaceutical societies and faculty members. As a pan-European organization, it brings together pharmaceutical societies as well as academic, industrial and regulatory scientists engaged in drug research and development, drug regulation and education of professionals working in these fields. EUFEPS represents pharmaceutical sciences in Europe and is recognized as such by both the European Commission and the European Medicines Agency. EUFEPS cooperates with the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and other European organizations and maintains global connections with agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. EUFEPS has established specified networks forming the basis of its activities. The creation of a Network on Veterinary Medicines is prompted by the manifold problems resulting from the use of veterinary drugs and its inherent interconnections with human medicine, environmental and public health. A long-term goal of this initiative was to expand the spectrum of available therapeutics for use in animals, including the development of innovative delivery systems.

This book addresses the continued lack of the diversity in veterinary medicine, the least inclusive of all medical professions. Effective navigation of the complexity of diversity and inclusion in veterinary medicine requires clear enumeration, recognition, and understanding of key issues, challenges, and opportunities. In a nation with rapidly changing demographics, public needs and expectations of the veterinary profession will continue to evolve. A more diverse scientific workforce is required to feed the veterinary profession, not just for the purposed of equity, but as necessity for its sustainability and relevance. The book lays out the history of diversity in the veterinary profession, in the context of historical changes and actions within US society. An overview of selected strategies from dental, pharmacy, and (human) medical schools is then offered. The impact of social constructs on career interest development is explored using the examples of race, gender, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Practical strategies for attracting preschool through undergraduate students to careers in the veterinary profession are presented, as well as metrics and tools to assess the impact of diversity and inclusiveness strategies. A systems approach to diversity and inclusiveness in the veterinary profession is called for in a manner that frames barriers as opportunities for improvement and progress. There is much that needs to happen to achieve professional inclusiveness and cultural competency, but the path to achieving this is clear. System-wide commitment, planning, execution, and continuous assessment will position the profession to better suit the population of the nation and the world that will be served. This is book is a call to action for consistent championship and cohesive approaches, and it provides a road map to building a sustainably inclusive future.

Dr. Belu and Dr. O'Quin, veterinarians with The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, will share the challenges and results of their efforts to combat rabies in Ethiopia through the engagement of community partners. Once symptoms begin to show, rabies is almost always fatal; however, it is also highly preventable. Reaching 70 percent vaccination coverage of the dog population has been shown to stop the spread of this disease; however, it is deceptively difficult to accomplish in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Challenges include a lack of adequately trained veterinary workforce, community engagement and education, governmental coordination, and responsible dog ownership. In Ethiopia, many owned dogs spend a part of their time roaming the street looking for food, shelter or mates. Roaming puts dogs at higher risk of getting rabies by increasing contact with other dogs and wildlife. Rabies increases the communities' fear of dogs; and as a result, dogs are poorly socialized and more likely to bite, which ironically increases the transmission of the disease. Veterinary education in Ethiopia largely focuses on agricultural species, and most veterinarians have little familiarity with companion animals such as dogs. The Ohio State University, through the Global One Health Initiative, has been working in Ethiopia for several years to help address rabies. Recently, our work has focused on training veterinary professionals and paraprofessionals on humane dog handling techniques and reading canine body language. This training not only reduces fear but also promotes safe and humane vaccination of dogs. Additionally, we have partnered with the oldest veterinary college in Ethiopia, the University of Addis Ababa, to provide training to their veterinary faculty. This "train the trainer" model brings sustainability to our efforts. Faculty will not only train students but will serve as a model for other Universities. Through these efforts, veterinarians will graduate with the knowledge and skills necessary to educate the community about dogs as well as participate in rabies vaccination efforts. Community engagement is a vital but often overlooked aspect of rabies elimination. Increasing rabies awareness and encouraging responsible dog ownership can yield several benefits. For the dogs, welfare will be improved. For the community, dogs are easier to handle and easier to vaccinate. Over time, better socialization of dogs should reduce bites and decrease overall fear and community anxiety around dogs. Current efforts to raise awareness include reaching out to community leaders to share rabies education. Upcoming efforts will focus on providing age and culturally appropriate curriculum to schools on bite prevention and responsible dog ownership, to ensure that children, who are at highest risk of being bitten, know how to safely approach dogs and what to do if a dog attacks them. ; AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Maria Belu, Veterinary Public Health Resident, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, belu.7@buckeyemail.osu.edu (Corresponding Author); Jeanette O'Quin, Assistant Professor (Clinical), College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine. ; Dr. Belu and Dr. O'Quin will present their work on building veterinary capacity and community engagement as methods to reduce the spread of rabies in Ethiopia. Rabies is responsible for about 59,000 human deaths each year. Adequate vaccination of dogs prevents disease in humans. Challenges include lack of trained veterinary workforce, community engagement/education, and responsible dog ownership/welfare. Our focus has been on training veterinary professionals on humane dog handling and canine body language. In addition to training government vets, we are working with a veterinary school. By training faculty, we ensure sustainability of these efforts as future veterinarians graduate with the knowledge/skills to participate in national vaccination efforts. Community engagement is vital to raise awareness of rabies prevention and elimination. We plan to educate and engage community to raise awareness of rabies prevention. Messages will focus on bite prevention, what to do if bitten, and responsible dog ownership.

AbstractThis paper provides the first comprehensive analysis of ethical issues raised by artificial intelligence (AI) in veterinary medicine for companion animals. Veterinary medicine is a socially valued service, which, like human medicine, will likely be significantly affected by AI. Veterinary AI raises some unique ethical issues because of the nature of the client–patient–practitioner relationship, society's relatively minimal valuation and protection of nonhuman animals and differences in opinion about responsibilities to animal patients and human clients. The paper examines how these distinctive features influence the ethics of AI systems that might benefit clients, veterinarians and animal patients—but also harm them. It offers practical ethical guidance that should interest ethicists, veterinarians, clinic owners, veterinary bodies and regulators, clients, technology developers and AI researchers.

Medical historians have recently become interested in the veterinary past, investigating the development of animal health in countries such as France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. An appreciation of the German context, however, is still lacking – a gap in the knowledge that the present article seeks to fill. Providing a critical interpretation of the evolution of the veterinary profession, this investigation explains why veterinary and medical spheres intersected, drifted apart, then came back together; it also accounts for the stark differences in the position of veterinarians in Germany and Britain. Emphasis is placed on how diverse traditions, interests and conceptualisations of animal health shaped the German veterinary profession, conditioned its field of operation, influenced its choice of animals and diseases, and dictated the speed of reform. Due to a state-oriented model of professionalisation, veterinarians became more enthusiastic about public service than private practice, perceiving themselves to be alongside doctors and scientists in status, rather than next to animal healers or manual labourers. Building on their expertise in epizootics, veterinarians became involved in zoonoses, following outbreaks of trichinosis. They achieved a dominant position in meat hygiene by refashioning abattoirs into sites for the construction of veterinary knowledge. Later, bovine tuberculosis helped veterinarians cement this position, successfully showcasing their expertise and contribution to society by saving as much meat as possible from diseased livestock. Ultimately, this article shows how veterinarians were heavily 'entangled' with the fields of medicine, food, agriculture and the military.