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"Trade: Neoclassical Liberal Views on Impacts" published on by Oxford University Press.

Durante la época colonial en la ciudad de Córdoba, alejada del puerto atlántico de Buenos Aires, se desarrolló un grupo de comerciantes mayoristas importadores. Cuando la Argentina se incorporó al mercado mundial como productora de alimentos de clima templado, entre 1880 y 1920, la modernización económica y social del país afectó negativamente a aquellos comerciantes. La modernización fue un proceso que alteró circuitos, la distribución de la población e impuso nuevas condiciones en el mercado interno. El artículo presenta las diversas maneras en que esos comerciantes mayoristas importadores se adaptaron y resistieron cuando la modernización los amenazó. Para enfrentar la amenaza los comerciantes diseñaron una nueva estructura legal que los protegiera de la competencia de comerciantes provenientes del puerto, del ferrocarril y de los costos de sus fletes. A partir de las modificaciones, estos comerciantes que habían basado su actividad en condiciones de mercado tan diferentes, lograron controlar, en alguna medida los efectos y condiciones de la modernización y asegurar su permanencia como intermediarios mercantiles. ; During the Colonial Era, in the city of Córdoba, far from de Atlantic port of Buenos Aires a group of wholesale import merchants was formed. But when Argentina incorporated itself into the world market as a food producer between the 1880s and the 1920s those merchants suffered from the social and economic modernization of the country. Modernization was a process that altered circuits, the distribution of the population and other conditions in the domestic market. This article presents the varying ways in wich wholesale import merchants adapted themselves and resisted when they were threatened by the modernization process. When facing this threat this merchants designed new legal structures in order to protect themselves from the competition from the Atlantic port's merchants, the railway and its taxes. In this way, they survived inside an economic model whose context and features were far different from those in which these merchants had strengthened their predominance as intermediaries. ; 38-56 ; lauvaldemarca@arnet.com.ar ; semestral

Part of a CIHM set. For individual microfiches in this set see CIHM microfiche nos. 11460-11464. ; Original issued in series: Facts for the people ; no. 3. ; Caption title. ; Attributed to the Ontario Liberal Association--Canadiana 1867-1900. ; At head of title: Please keep for reference. (Dominion of Canada). March 1st, 1896. ; "Copies of this pamphlet can be had from Alexander Smith, Secretary, Ontario Liberal Association, 34 Victoria St., Toronto, Ont." ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

In IR it is almost common knowledge that a strong relation exists between liberalism and the idea that trade promotes peace. This paper shows that this is based on an incomplete view of the liberal tradition. The trade-leads-to-peace hypothesis does not originate in liberalism, while some of the most important liberal thinkers, notably Smith, Hume and Locke, never predicted trade to have a positive influence on peace. The two Scots actually saw a strong relation between trade and war. This has been widely overlooked in IR, largely due to one-sided interpretations of their writings from the early nineteenth century onwards. This article seeks to improve on the disciplinary historiography, calls on IR theorists to reappraise liberalism in relation to the trade-leads-to-peace thesis, and suggests that scholars working on trade and peace follow up on a number of important insights put forward by Hume and Smith.

The cartelized Japanese system and distribution appear to be incompatible with liberal practice and theory. That structu- re is represented by some modern economic models and it is demonstrated that the divergence between the economic system is responsible for international trade conflicts. The combi- nation of description of international economic practice and marketing in Japan with tools of modern economic analysis offers a tool for the international economic policy and business strategist for a newapproach of the problems posed by Japan's participation in world markets. Thus many problems in trade are explained from a new angle. Japanese governmental and business strategies are explained by structural economic incompatibilities and on the basis of modern economic models. Some recommendations are made for the tackling of the Japan problem both by governments and by business. The detailed background information in internatio- nal trade conflicts can be of help to those in legal anti- dumping practices and those who have to counter Japanese ex- port strategies

Reforms of international trade and investment law and institutions are hampered by conflicting economic paradigms. For instance, utilitarian Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism (e.g. promoting self-regulatory market forces privileging the homo economicus), constitutional European ordo-liberalism (e.g. protecting multilevel, constitutional rights and judicial remedies of EU citizens), and authoritarian state-capitalism (e.g. protecting totalitarian power monopolies of the communist party in China) pursue different legal and institutional designs of trade and investment agreements. Globalization and its transformation of national into transnational public goods (PGs) require extending constitutional and institutional economics to multilevel governance of transnational PGs in order to enhance the wealth of nations. Maintaining the worldwide legal and dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) - and interpreting its regional and national exception clauses broadly in order to reconcile diverse, national and regional institutions of economic integration and of 'embedded liberalism' - remains in the interest of all WTO member states.