Suchergebnisse

AbstractAgricultural production has economic, environmental, social and cultural consequences beyond farm boundaries, but information about these impacts is not readily available to decision makers. This study applied the land use suitability concept by carrying out an assessment of a region that has the potential for intensification of agricultural production, but where eutrophication of river and estuary receiving environments due to nitrogen enrichment is a significant issue. The assessment evaluated three indicators for each farmable land parcel in the region: productive potential (the inherent productive and economic potential of the parcel), relative contribution (the potential for the parcel to contribute nitrogen to receiving environments compared to other land parcels), and pressure (the load of nitrogen delivered to receiving environments compared to the loads that ensure environmental objectives are achieved). The assessment indicated that land with high suitability for land-use intensification in Southland is limited because areas with high productive potential and low relative contribution rarely coincide with receiving environments with low pressure. Existing data, methods and models can be used to calculate the indicators under different choices for regional land-use intensity and receiving environment objectives. However, the spatial resolution and accuracy that is achievable may preclude using assessment outputs to make land use decisions at small spatial scales such as individual farms. The study highlighted that land use suitability is not an intrinsic property of a land parcel because it is dependent on choices about land use elsewhere in the landscape and the environmental objectives, and that land use suitability is inherently subjective because of decisions that concern how indicators are combined and weighted.

The article analyzes the origins and causes of social inequality, and labor incomes of the population. In the conditions of economic development, a set of measures is required to overcome social proportions. The article compares statistical indicators of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of fixed assets, the average annual number of people employed in the economy by form of ownership, as well as the distribution of enterprises and organizations by form of ownership. The study focuses on the above-mentioned statistical indicators of foreign ownership in both countries. The data of official statistics on the distribution of the authorized capital (fund) of organizations by types of economic activity by shareholders (founders) are analyzed; comparative characteristics are given in the context of spheres of activity. The indicators of the fund's shares are compared, and the following areas of activity are affected: mining, extraction of crude oil and natural gas, extraction of metal ores, extraction of other minerals, provision of services in the field of mining, manufacturing, food production, beverage production, tobacco production, textile production, clothing production, manufacturing leather and leather products, wood processing and production of wood and cork products, production of straw products and materials for weaving, production of machinery and equipment not included in other groupings, production of other vehicles and equipment, provision of electric energy, gas and steam; air conditioning, production, transmission and distribution of electricity, production and distribution of gaseous fuels, production of paper and paper products, printing and copying of media, production of coke and petroleum products, production of chemicals and chemical products, production of rubber and plastic products, production of medicines and materials used for medical purposes, production of other non-metallic mineral products, metallurgical production, production of finished metal products, in addition to machinery and equipment, manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products, manufacture of electrical equipment, manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, manufacture of furniture, production, transmission and distribution of steam and hot water, air conditioning, water supply; wastewater disposal, waste collection and disposal, pollution elimination activities, water intake, purification and distribution, waste water collection and treatment, waste collection, treatment and disposal, processing of secondary raw materials, services in the field of pollution elimination, and other services.

Modern (Multi-Purpose) Land Administration Systems have difficulty in managing up-to-date land parcel types. Managing external land use/cover information together with land parcels in an integrated manner may be a robust solution to this problem. In this study, inspired from common international land use/cover classification systems (FAO Land Cover Classification System, CORINE land cover and INSPIRE land use/cover theme) and spatial data management issues within agricultural policy implementation both in EU and in Turkey, a new land use/cover classification system was designed and land use/cover data sets was produced for three districts in Kayseri Province of Turkey. Further, rules for the integration of land use/cover data with cadastral land parcel data and accordingly updating/maintenance procedures were defined. Due to complexity of updating and maintenance procedures, use of crowd sourcing techniques with the contribution of related government agencies and also citizens was proposed. The study has been continuing as a component of a national project no 112Y027 that is financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.

PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL FATE OF LAND PARCELS, WHOSE OWNERS DIEDKovalenko T. O. Abstract: This article explores the requirements of Ukrainianland and civil legislation, which determines characteristics of the transfer to communal ownership of land parcels, whose owners are deadbut parcels are not transferred to heirs by will or by law because of their absence, removal of inheritance right, rejection of their heritage, as well as the rejection of its adoption.Positive and negative aspects of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding Legal Fate of Land Parcels, whose Owners Died», dated September 20, 2016, are discovered.Keywords: land parcel; inheritance of land parcel; escheat; communal ownership of land. Problems of transfer of rights to land parcels, whose owners have died, urgently needed legislative regulation. This is especially noticeable now, in the conditions of the next extension of the moratorium on alienation of land parcels owned by individuals and legal entities for agricultural commodity production.In September 2016 the Parliament of Ukraine has made a number of changes to the Land Code of Ukraine on October 25 2001, the Civil Code of Ukraine on January 16, 2003, the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine on March 18, 2004, Laws of Ukraine «On Land Lease» as amended on October 2, 2003, «Оn State Registration of Civil Status» on July 1, 2010, «On State Land Cadastre» on July 7, 2011, «On Court Fee» on July 8, 2011, «On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and their Encumbrances» as amended on November 26, 2015 to determine the legal fate of land parcels, whose owners have died. These changes became effective on October 19, 2016.It is possible in general positively assess the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding the Legal Fate of Land Parcels whose Owners Died» of September 20, 2016, provisions of which greatly simplify the procedure of transfer of land parcels, heirs of which are missing, to communal property as escheat.Positive aspects of the mentioned Law include the following:- reasons for the acquisition of communalownership on land by territorial communities were supplemented by such reason as «transition in communal ownership of land parcels, recognized as escheat by the court»;- legal actions relating to the acquisition and registration of communal ownership on property, including land parcels, are committed not by the place of inheritance opening, but by the place of real estate location;- land parcels, recognized as escheat by the court, becomes property of territorial community based not on the place of inheritanceopening, but based on the location of such land parcels;- local governments are exempted from payment of court fee for filing an application for recognition of heritage as escheat in the proceedings in all courts;- applications on acknowledgment of heritage as escheat, if such heritage consists of agricultural lands, may be filed by owners or users of adjacent land parcels;- persons, who are entitled or required to apply for the recognition of heritage as escheat,receive the right to obtain free information from the State Register of Civil Status of Citizens about the state registration of the facts of citizens death;- features of formation of land parcels, which heirs are absent or did not receive the inheritance, have been clearly regulated in the legislation;- legislation has regulated the procedure for taking measures to protect the ancestral property, which heirs are absent or did not receive the inheritance, to save such property before the court decision on acknowledgment of heritage as escheat gain legal force. In the absence of heirs or testamentary executor, person that manages heritage, which includes land plots, becomes rural, village or city council at the location of such land plot;- the principle of unity of legal fate of land parcel and of located on it movable property is implemented in land legislation;- the Law of September 20, 2016regulates peculiarities of implementation of land lease rights to land parcels, which heirs are absent or did not receive the inheritance.However, certain legal defects of the recognition of land parcels as escheat still remains, such as establishing of legal mechanisms to promptlocal governments to apply to the court for the recognition of land plots as escheat, expanding of the range of subjects, who are entitled to obtain extracts from the Inheritance register. Such legal defects should be eliminated by making changes and amendments to land and civil legislation.

The article analyzes the stages of privatization of non-agricultural land and the stages of their development. It also analyzed the theoretical aspects and studied the peculiarities of developed countries Peru, Poland, France and the United States in the area of land privatization. In the article recommendations and conclusions on the development of existing legislation were developed based on foreign and domestic experience in land privatization.

Agronomists have long expertise in designing new cropping systems to face environmental issues like water resource pollution, soil erosion or biodiversity reduction. They also have designed new theoretical spatial organizations of land use embracing these new cropping systems and analyzed individual farmer constraints for the set-up of these spatial organizations. But very little has been done about local land recombination between farms (LRBF) to overcome the limitation of an individual farm approach. LRBF corresponds to time-limited field exchanges between farmers, mostly for cash crop return period constraints. If they are well driven, such LRBFs could, for instance, help reduce pesticide load on risk areas. We propose a global design method to facilitate new LRBF design: (step 1) identification of existing situations of LRBF on large agricultural areas, (step 2) analyse of their socio-technical determinants by farmers' surveys and (step 3) support the design of environmental friendly LRBF in real situations. The first step of the method, presented in this paper, is based on the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) which is the tool used by the European Union to determine, every year, the eligibility of agricultural land for the subsidies of the Common Agricultural Policy. Beyond the administrative purposes, LPIS data can be used to describe agricultural landscape dynamics but LPIS are complex to use. For instance, in the French LPIS, called RPG (Registre Parcellaire Graphique), the elementary geometry is the farmer's block which associates several adjacent fields if they belong to the same farm. Crucial farmer's block attributes like the anonymized farm number and even the polygon identity code are voluntarily changed every year. Hence, a landscape level use of the RPG requires the development of specific agrogeographical models. RPG Explorer is a computer tool integrating a range of models and procedures to ease the use of RPG data. For the first step of our method we used it to ease the analysis of land recombination between farms. We applied it on different French regions (NUTS 3 European level) and we proposed a first typology of LRBF situations based on criteria, such as the number of farms involved in each type of LBRF, the frequency of land recombination or the type of crops driving the land recombination. This typology will be then improved through farmers' surveys (second step of the methodology) for a better understanding of the socio-technical determinants of LRBF and finally the design of new LRBF (third step).

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) has dramatically changed after 1992, and from then on the CAP focused on the management of direct income subsidies instead of production-based subsidies. For this focus, Member States (MS) are expected to establish Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), including a Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) as the spatial part of IACS. Different MS have chosen different solutions for their LPIS. Currently, some MS based their IACS/LPIS on data from their Land Administration Systems (LAS), and many others use purpose built special systems for their IACS/LPIS. The issue with these different IACS/LPIS is that they do not have standardized structures; rather, each represents a unique design in each MS, both in the case of LAS based or special systems. In this study, we aim at designing a core data model for those IACS/LPIS based on LAS. For this purpose, we make use of the ongoing standardization initiatives for LAS (Land Administration Domain Model: LADM) and IACS/LPIS (LPIS Core Model: LCM). The data model we propose in this study implies the collaboration between LADM and LCM and includes some extensions. Some basic issues with the collaboration model are discussed within this study: registration of farmers, land use rights and farming limitations, geometry/topology, temporal data management etc. For further explanation of the model structure, sample instance level diagrams illustrating some typical situations are also included. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract ; Measurement errors in orthorectified images are very important when it comes to checking the subsidies claims made by European farmers. The Control with a Remote Sensing (CwRS) Programme, managed by the GeoCAP and CID actions of the Monitoring Agricultural Resources Unit of the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC), requires the establishment of guidelines to be applied by Member States when using remotely sensed images to verify farmers' claims under the EU Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) subsidies. The area of land parcels used for farming are verified based on very fine spatial resolution (VHR) orthoimages that must meet specific geometric and visual qualities. As such, all VHR orthoimages used within this context must meet or exceed the EU standard as reported in Kapnias et al. (2008), based on external quality control (EQC). EQC is based on the root mean square error (RMSE) between the true geographic position and the image position of the independent check points (ICPs). The ICPs are points not included in the sensor model parameter estimation process and are derived from an independent source, preferably of higher accuracy. This report presents the applied EQC methodology and the geometric quality results recorded for the four samples of the KOMPSAT-2 (K2) radiometrically corrected images (processing level 1R), acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site. The key issues identified during the testing based on the limited KOMPSAT-2 sample images that were made available to us are as follows: (a) The 1D RMS errors measured on the final K2 orthoimage after the single scene correction applying either the PCI rigorous model, the PCI RPC-based or the ERDAS RPC-based model are not sensitive to the number of GCPs used if they are well-distributed and range between 9 and 15 (provided a DTM with 0.6 m vertical accuracy), and they are sensitive to the overall off-nadir angle and increase with increasing off-nadir angle, (b) The average 1D RMSE are 2.1 m and 4 m, while the maximum 1D RMSE values are 3.2 m and 6.2 m of easting and northing direction respectively, provided that a DTM with 0.6 m vertical accuracy and GCPs with mean RMSE-X (in X direction) and RMSE-Y (in Y direction) values of 0.6 m are used, and (c) The orthorectified KOMPSAT-2 images do not fall within the accuracy criteria of the CwRS 1:10000 scale requirements, i.e. an absolute 1D RMSE not exceeding 2.5 m, except where the images are characterized by an overall off-nadir angle close to zero degrees, and the rigorous model or first order Rational Polynomial sensor model is applied. ; SeriesInformation ; Proceedings on the Workshop of Remote Sensing Methods for Change Detection and Process Modelling, 18-19 November 2010, University of Cologne, Germany, Kölner Geographische Arbeiten, 92, pp. 109-115

Existing literature about the impact of farmland titling on farmland transfer takes no account of farmland plot characteristics, which makes them unable to effectively identify the causal relationship between farmland titling and farmland transfer. After the theoretical analysis, based on land plot level micro-survey data, we adopt the instrumental variable (IV) and conditional mixed process (CMP) methods to ease the endogeneity problem in the model and conduct a quantitative analysis. The results show that the land titling program has significant and positive effects on the transfer-out of farmland. Through a heterogeneity test, we observe a more pronounced promotional effect in regions with a higher economic development level and in farmland transfer deals with government facilitation. Moreover, the further application of a mediating effect model shows that the land titling program increases the net income from farmland transfer-out through increasing the value of farmland and reducing the transaction costs, thus promoting the transferring out of farmland. The findings contribute to providing empirical evidence for how the government may facilitate and support the attaining of more efficient scale operations of farmland.

Pedestrian survey and shovel testing of three land parcels and shovel testing of four previously identified archaeological sites in Camp Bowie, Brown County, Texas, was performed by the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) at The University of Texas at San Antonio during October and November of 2001. This work, conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 2310, was undertaken as a result of recommendations from Wormser and Sullo-Prewitt (2001) following their archaeological survey and site recording efforts. Three areas of Camp Bowie were surveyed and shovel tested. Parcel 1 is 74 acres (30 ha) in extent and 46 shovel tests were excavated in this area. One new site (41BR522) was identified at the northern margin of this survey area. 41BR522 is a small burned rock midden site. Seven additional shovel tests were excavated on this site. One Late Prehistoric projectile point fragment was recovered during shovel testing of 41BR522. Excluding the units on 41BR522, only three shovel tests within Parcel 1 contained subsurface lithics. All of these artifacts represent isolated finds (IF). One additional shovel test had a single animal bone that may not be cultural and is considered an IF. Parcel 2 covers 64 acres (26 ha) and 33 shovel tests were placed within this area. None of the shovel tests in Parcel 2 produced any subsurface archaeological material. Parcel 3 is 62 acres (25 ha) and 43 shovel tests were excavated in this part of Camp Bowie. One shovel test produced two heat-fractured lithics that are not unambiguously cultural in origin. 41BR522 is recommended for additional testing to determine its State Archeological Landmark (SAL) and National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility. None of the other areas of the three survey parcels contain cultural resources that are considered SAL or NRHP eligible. In the event of deep or extensive excavation of the alluvial soils in Parcel 1, archaeological monitoring is recommended to identify any potential impacts to resources below the 60 cm depth investigated by this project. Normal military use of this area may proceed without further consultation with the Texas Historical Commission (THC). In response to recommendations by Wormser and Sullo-Prewitt (2001), four previously recorded archaeological sites were revisited (41BR248, 41BR467, 41BR469, and 41BR471). Site 41BR248 could not be relocated. No surface or subsurface artifacts were identified at the plotted site location. Four shovel tests were excavated within the identified site location, but no cultural materials were encountered. Either naturally fractured local chert has been mistaken for cultural artifacts or the plotted location is not correct for 41BR248. Four shovel tests were excavated in 41BR467, a low-density lithic scatter. No artifacts were recovered from the shovel tests. Four bifaces and two cores were recovered from the surface of this site. Six shovel tests were placed on 41BR469, a low-density lithic scatter. One shovel test contained a single subsurface flake. 41BR471 is a small, relatively dense lithic scatter. Four shovel tests were excavated on this site. One shovel test contained a single lithic. There were no other indications of subsurface archaeological deposits. Surface artifacts included one Late Prehistoric projectile point. Surface visibility at these sites exceeded 30 percent and the number of shovel tests is considered sufficient to determine the significance of these cultural resources. 41BR248 could not be identified at its previously plotted location, if this site still exists –it requires relocation and testing. Additional examination is recommended for 41BR471. Following re-examination and testing, no further characterization of 41BR467 and 41BR469 is considered necessary. With the exception of 41BR471 and 41BR248, no further archaeological work is recommended and scheduled use of this area may proceed without further consultation with THC. Two additional sites, re-examined in February of 2001 to determine their SAL and NRHP eligibility, are also included in this report (41BR392 and 41BR523). Two shovel tests were excavated in 41BR392 to examine a prehistoric burned rock midden at this previously identified historic site. One Middle Archaic Bulverde point was recovered from the surface of 41BR392. 41BR523 is a World War II-era live grenade court. This site was described but no shovel tests were considered necessary. Further testing is recommended for the burned rock midden component of 41BR392. No additional archaeological work is considered necessary on 41BR523 and that location is recommended for archaeological clearance. Recommendations from this project are that the SAL and NRHP eligibility of 41BR392, 41BR471, and 41BR522 is unclear in the absence of additional testing efforts. These sites should be protected and avoided until additional examination can determine their SAL and NRHP eligibility status. 41BR248 could not be located with the information currently available. Additional evaluation of this site is still required in relation to previous recommendations by THC. Sites 41BR467, 41BR469, and 41BR523 are considered ineligible as SAL or NRHP properties and no additional archaeological characterization is considered necessary. The three survey parcels examined during this survey and testing project do not contain any significant cultural properties (other than 41BR522 at the periphery of Parcel 1) detectable through shovel testing methods. Parcel 1 is located on deep alluvial soil that could contain deeply buried archaeological deposits. Archaeological monitoring is recommended to identify any potential cultural resources below the 60 cm depth investigated in Parcel 1 if significant excavation of this area is planned. Normal military use of these areas may proceed without further consultation with THC.