Suchergebnisse

Der Bericht setzt sich kritisch mit der Situation des Markts für Grund und Boden in der VR China auseinander. Zunächst wird die Entwicklung der Reformgesetzgebung auf diesem Gebiet seit Beginn der achtziger Jahre skizziert, wobei die Bereitstellung von Land für ausländische Investoren eine besondere Rolle spielt. Die Verhältnisse auf dem Bodenmarkt gerieten jedoch zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre für die Zentralregierung außer Kontrolle. Die Regierung reagierte auf diese Situation im zweiten Halbjahr 1993 mit neuen Verordnungen und der Einführung einer Mehrwertsteuer auf Landverkäufe. Abschließend wird das Problem des Eigentums an Grund und Boden in ländlichen Gebieten angesprochen. Hier handelt es sich im Gegensatz zu städtischem Grundeigentum nicht um staatliches, sondern um Gemeinschaftseigentum. (BIOst-Wpt)

After the fall of communist regime, Durres passed through an uncontrolled urban development and painful migration and emigration. Albania passed into process of transition from a centrally planned economy to a free-market based economy. Radical political, economic and social reforms had been undertaken. This means basic political and market institutions as well as the administrative, regulatory and policy frameworks required for a market economy had been developed. During the 1990's Albania went through a transformation of its entire economy that changed civil society, ownership structures and the labor market. As in other cases happen in transition, Durres experienced many problems with self-employment in the informal sector and small commerce and industries. The lack of formal job opportunities stimulated emigration of the working active population to neighboring countries, such as Greece and Italy. This explains the volume of remittances that are regularly sent into the country. Also thousands of farmers have chosen to abandon their villages and settlements and seek opportunities in the city of Durres. The city became the focus of mass emigrations from Albania. Many people migrated to Italy and other countries. Very large rates of growth among the 1990's, were result of increased movement of population to urban areas, which continued in high rates until 2003. The annual growth rate was 7%, but after 2003 it decreased in 1.4 % per year. Unemployment remains a big issue for the city of Durres, despite the progress that has taken place. The official rate of unemployment is 11%, but due to many unemployed persons who do not register as such, the unemployment rate is much higher (around 25%). Data from Standard Measurement Survey Living (VMNJ) in 2002 show that poverty rate is about 25 %.

In this chapter, we review land market institutions in the European Union (EU) and their potential impact on land markets. We first review land tenure-/ownership regulations and find that they vary heavily across EU Member States. Four types of tenure-/ownership measures are implemented in the EU: to protect the tenant, to protect the owner, to protect the (non-farm) land owner, and to prevent land fragmentation. We then examine EU land-related environmental regulations whose general objective is to address land market failures linked to externalities and the provision of public goods. Despite possibly reducing private benefits of land owners or users, environmental regulations may generate welfare gains to society by improving the environmental services on land. Finally, we investigate how area-based subsidies affect land prices. These subsidies are empirically found to be partially capitalized into land values, albeit at a lower rate than suggested by theory.

AbstractWe develop a spatial equilibrium model to quantify welfare losses from land market distortions in China. In the model, heterogeneous firms in various sectors choose their locations across regions with costly trade, frictional labour migration and land market distortions. We match land transaction and firm‐level survey data to estimate land market distortions for firms. Misallocation arises when similar firms are faced with land prices that effectively prevent productive firms from establishing in large cities where they can benefit from agglomeration forces and access higher productivity. Our framework incorporating land market distortions also sheds light on the mystery of China's undersized big cities, a phenomenon noted by Au and Henderson (2006) and Chauvin et al. (2017). Our estimates suggest large negative effects of land policies on the economic welfare in China. We end with a counterfactual exercise revealing that a coordinated land and labour migration reform would generate welfare gains and reduce regional inequality.

This paper reports on the results of a land market assessment conducted in the Chennai Metropolitan Area in India. It provides detailed spatially disaggregated information on land use, population, and housing and land values for the metropolitan area. The assessment was a joint effort of the World Bank, the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) and the Department of Geography at the University of Madras. The study was initiated in June 2003, and the underlying methodology and approach is provided by Dowall (1995).1 The CMDA was responsible for compiling detailed archival land-use information for the metropolitan area for 1971, 1981, and 1991. In addition, the CMDA interpreted IKONOS satellite images for 2001. The CMDA also built the socio-economic and housing database, linking together information on population, households and dwelling units from Government of India Censuses for 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. The University of Madras's Department of Geography was responsible for carrying out the extensive surveys of real estate brokers in the metropolitan area. A total of 688 observations were tallied on various types of residential and industrial land prices. This paper adds to the growing research literature on urban land and housing markets in India.2 Over the past five years, detailed studies have been carried out on urban land market dynamics in Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi. Taken together, these studies provide detailed assessments of urban land development and explore the various effects of urban planning and development control regulation on the spatial development of India's leading urban regions. Most of these studies have been focused on policy rather than an assessment of the market from data on land values, so this paper presents something new.

This paper reports on the results of a land market assessment conducted in the Chennai Metropolitan Area in India. It provides detailed spatially disaggregated information on land use, population, and housing and land values for the metropolitan area. The assessment was a joint effort of the World Bank, the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) and the Department of Geography at the University of Madras. The study was initiated in June 2003, and the underlying methodology and approach is provided by Dowall (1995).1 The CMDA was responsible for compiling detailed archival land-use information for the metropolitan area for 1971, 1981, and 1991. In addition, the CMDA interpreted IKONOS satellite images for 2001. The CMDA also built the socioeconomic and housing database, linking together information on population, households and dwelling units from Government of India Censuses for 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. The University of Madras's Department of Geography was responsible for carrying out the extensive surveys of real estate brokers in the metropolitan area. A total of 688 observations were tallied on various types of residential and industrial land prices.