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This paper argues that radical and pacifist peace activists made the Kellogg‐Briand Pact their own for the decade after its creation. While recognizing the treaty's flaws, they co‐opted and adapted its meaning, and it influenced many of the goals activists pursued in the 1930s. The pact aided cooperation between peace activists, and both the treaty and Frank B. Kellogg himself played a larger role in the peace movement for a longer period than previously recognized. This argument draws primarily from sources at the Minnesota Historical Society, the WILPF International records at the University of Colorado‐Boulder, the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College, and the WILPF records in the Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

Abstract: The article is a historical re-description of international legal debates concerning the ius ad bellum in the Interwar period (1919–1936). Using a core/periphery heuristic, it is demonstrated that the normative changes created by the League Covenant and the Kellogg-Briand Pact were being drafted and interpreted by the great powers in a way that still allowed them to justify military interventions in their peripheries. Even military violence between Western states could only be partially outlawed by these instruments. Legal uncertainties produced during the drafting of the new instruments could readily be exploited by the Western dominated international legal discourse. And yet, with the principle of sovereign equality on the rise in the Interbellum, and the battle of semi-periphery governments against the 'standard of civilisation', traditional justifications for military violence came under increasing pressure. At that very moment, international lawyers in the core introduced a broader understanding of self-defence, gradually replacing former justifications for military interventions both within the core and in the peripheries of Western powers. All of this taken together in practice arguably consumed a substantial part of the alleged 'progress' made by international legal pacifism in the Interbellum.

The prerequisites, the process of concluding, and provisions of the Kellogg–Briand Pact (The General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) as an international agreement are analyzed in the article. It is emphasized that the lack of a common vision among Western researchers on the positive or negative historical significance of the document for international relations and international law is due to the diversity of approaches to determining its criteria of effectiveness or inefficiency in regulating international political processes. The paper also highlights the main arguments of scholars and authors-initiators of the document for both positions and identifies the main reasons for the failure to implement the provisions of the Briand-Kellogg Pact. Such research methods as analytical-synthetic, historical-comparative and examination of documents are used in the article. The author highlights the prospects for further research and provides recommendations for the development of the topic. ; У статті детально проаналізовано передумови, процес укладення та положення Пакту Бріана-Келлога (Загального договору про відмову від війни як інструменту національної політики) як міждержавного договору. Автором наголошено, що відсутність єдиного погляду на позитивне або негативне історичне значення документу для міжнародних відносин і міжнародного права серед західних дослідників обумовлена різноманіттям підходів до визначення його критеріїв ефективності або неефективності у регулюванні міжнародних політичних процесів, виокремлено головні аргументи науковців та авторівініціаторів документу на користь обох позицій та визначено головні причини нереалізованості положень Пакту Бріана-Келлога. Основними методами досліджень стали аналітико-синтетичний, історикопорівняльний та вивчення документів. Автором виділено перспективи подальших досліджень та надано рекомендації щодо розробки теми.