Kantian Peace and Liberal Peace: Three Concerns*
In: The journal of political philosophy, Band 24, Heft 4, S. 446-469
ISSN: 1467-9760
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In: The journal of political philosophy, Band 24, Heft 4, S. 446-469
ISSN: 1467-9760
In: The journal of political philosophy, Band 24, Heft 4, S. 446-469
ISSN: 0963-8016
In: Journal of peace research, Band 47, Heft 1, S. 29-42
ISSN: 1460-3578
Classical-liberal arguments about the pacifying effects of international trade are revisited, and it is argued that they consistently refer to the ability of trade to provide 'connections' between people and to create a perceived 'global community'. Dependency and openness are commonly used to test for any pacifying effects of trade in the current literature, but these measures fail to capture some of the classical liberals' key insights. Several network measures are introduced in order to give natural expression to and to develop the classical-liberal view that trade linkages reduce interstate conflict. These measures applied to trade flows are incorporated in the Russett & Oneal triangulating-peace model. The main results are that trade networks are indeed pacifying in that both direct and indirect trade linkages matter, and as the global trade network has become more dense over time, the importance of indirect links by way of specific third countries has declined, and the general embeddedness of state dyads in the trade network has become more relevant. These findings suggest that the period since World War II has seen progressive realization of the classical-liberal ideal of a security community of trading states.
In: Journal of peace research, Band 47, Heft 1, S. 29-43
ISSN: 0022-3433
In: Harvard international law journal, Band 54, Heft 1, S. 219-258
ISSN: 0017-8063
World Affairs Online
In: Journal of international relations and development, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 135-161
ISSN: 1581-1980
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 52, Heft 2, S. 189-212
ISSN: 1552-8766
The authors use network analysis to argue that the main contribution of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) to international stability is not necessarily their direct and individual impact, because generally IGOs are institutionally weak. Rather, membership of IGOs creates network ties between states, allowing them, either individually or collectively, to intervene more effectively in latent conflicts. The IGO network also provides direct and indirect communication channels, where indirect links can act as partial substitutes for direct diplomatic ties. Empirically, the authors apply these ideas to the extensive network of international linkages created in the post—World War II period. They demonstrate that indirect links do indeed matter and that they substitute for more direct diplomatic ties. Furthermore, these effects are not limited to ties created by IGOs with specific security functions.
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 52, Heft 2, S. 189-212
ISSN: 0022-0027, 0731-4086
In: American journal of political science: AJPS, Band 51, Heft 3, S. 583-601
ISSN: 0092-5853
In: American journal of political science, Band 51, Heft 3, S. 583-601
ISSN: 1540-5907
Militarized interstate disputes are widely thought to be less likely among democratic countries that have high levels of trade and extensive participation in international organizations. We reexamine this broad finding of the Kantian peace literature in the context of a model that incorporates the high degree of dependency among countries. Based on in‐sample statistical tests, as well as out‐of‐sample, predictive cross‐validation, we find that results frequently cited in the literature are plagued by overfitting and cannot be characterized as identifying the underlying structure through which international conflict is influenced by democracy, trade, and international governmental organizations. We conclude that much of the statistical association typically reported in this literature apparently stems from three components: (1) geographical proximity, (2) dependence among militarized interstate disputes with the same initiator or target, and (3) the higher‐order dependencies in these dyadic data. Once these are incorporated, covariates associated with the Kantian peace tripod lose most of their statistical power. We do find that higher levels of joint democracy are associated with lower probabilities of militarized interstate dispute involvement. We find that despite high statistical significance and putative substantive importance, none of the variables representing the Kantian tripod is associated with any substantial degree of predictive power.
In: European Journal of International Relations 12: 533-563
SSRN
In: European journal of international relations, Band 12, Heft 4, S. 533-563
ISSN: 1460-3713
This article assesses the robustness of the liberal or 'Kantian' peace propositions by challenging two common practices: pooling data for different geographic regions, and using conflict at any level as a proxy for interstate war. The findings indicate that there are substantial differences between regions in the effects of democracy, economic interdependence, and international organizations. Conflict (all MIDs) and war have considerably different relationships to these key variables, and to each other, across regions. While I do not argue that these results undermine the general Kantian peace propositions, they do represent powerful qualifications that provide insight into theoretical foundations and raise related questions of specification error. They also point to the continuing importance of concepts such as security communities and norms as liberal factors distinct from the Kantian variables.
In: International interactions: empirical and theoretical research in international relations, Band 43, Heft 2, S. 248-271
ISSN: 1547-7444
In: Peace research abstracts journal, Band 44, Heft 2, S. 533-542
ISSN: 0031-3599
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 57, Heft 6, S. 1011-1042
ISSN: 0022-0027, 0731-4086
World Affairs Online