Suchergebnisse

Compared to other countries, such as Canada or Belgium, Switzerland has been remarkably free of ethnically oriented conflicts. One exception is the political differences between the French (Jura) minority & the German majority in the Bern canton. This anomalous case is studied by means of survey data drawn chiefly from national opinion polls. The history of conflict in the canton is described. The insensitive policies of the Bern government toward the Jura are emphasized throughout. The Jura area is somewhat underdeveloped economically. It contains no large Ur area & its identity is threatened by immigration & the foreseen encroachment of two large German-speaking cities, Basel & Bienne. The Jura conflict is not, contrary to prior research, primarily fueled by ethnic differences, but by perceived deprivation as is indicated by the results of several national surveys. The fact that religion is not a root factor in the conflict is indicated by greater satisfaction among the most religious segments of the population. The Jura case illustrates the importance of elite behavior in ethnically divided areas. 5 Tables, 2 Figures. A. Orianne.

The article looks into characteristics of regionalist movements in contemporary Switzerland. The authors try to answer the question why, despite the stability of federal relations in Switzerland and the existence of institutions representing the interests of the regions, there are regionalist movements in the canton of Ticino and the Bernese Jura, and why only in these two regions? The study is based on open data on the political and socio-economic characteristics of the regions, as well as on materials of research interviews with representatives of movements and experts. The study analyzes the cases of the regionalist movements of the League of Ticino and the Groupe Bélier in the Bernese Jura. The results point to the similarities of the movements: linguistic minorities surrounded by a German-speaking majority, accumulation of similar contradictions over the years. The regionalism of the League of Ticino stands out in the context of other parties; the League has made the regionalist agenda a platform for promoting right-wing demands without being marginalized in the political space. The Groupe Bélier, from the point of view of regionalist demands, is distinguished by a weak visibility of its agenda in political parties' programmes.

This article is intended to be an initial report on the experiences gained while using HIA. Although it is provisional and pragmatic, it ought to provide useful elements for comparison with other territorial situations, both Swiss and foreign. The large differences between the three cantonal political-institutional contexts probably explain the profound differences in the way that HIA processes were introduced in each canton. Nevertheless, the article - through the concept of institutionalization - seeks to identify supra-cantonal elements. Finally, by presenting HIA implementation methods in different Cantons, it endeavours to demonstrate the existence of a common matrix in the Swiss context beyond the differences arising from the actual political-institutional situations linked to them.

The results of numerous paleoenvironmental analyses and recent archaeological surveys enable to renew our understanding of settlement and land-use evolution in Morvan and Jura, two mountain ranges of medium height (eastern France). These information items can be completed by a large collection of medieval and modern archives on which account the regional historiography had described a late settlement, mostly linked to medieval period, in such "hostiles" mountains. Sometimes contradictory, this data give us a pluridisciplinary insight on settlement and land-use evolution, enabling to attempt a new synthesis about past settlement trends. It also enables to reassess the peculiarity of settlement dynamics and pattern within both mountains associated with very different environmental contexts. The use of such data then offers the possibility to link land-use evolution, settlement pattern and political management of the territories. A systematic crossing between palaeoenvironmental, archaeological and written data has been realised thanks to geolocation and association to common chronological frames. This data crossing highlight some bias and contradictions inside the corpus : some types of settlement or human activities does not appear the same way through one dataset or another. Meanwhile, a broader picture of settlement dynamics can be set.The assessed evolution begins with a very scarce or badly known settlement during Late Antiquity and ends with a very dense settlement and an overexploitation of lands at the end of Modern period. The transition between Antiquity and early Middle Ages seems to be characterised by a decay of settlement and human impact, drastic in Jura but apparently slight in Morvan. A progressive increase of human impact occurs during the early Middle Ages, while settlement patterns are still very partially characterised. The written documentation then deeply change during high Middle Ages, due to the appearance of monasteries and seigneuries in the heart of both mountains. Nevertheless, fiefs ...

The results of numerous paleoenvironmental analyses and recent archaeological surveys enable to renew our understanding of settlement and land-use evolution in Morvan and Jura, two mountain ranges of medium height (eastern France). These information items can be completed by a large collection of medieval and modern archives on which account the regional historiography had described a late settlement, mostly linked to medieval period, in such "hostiles" mountains. Sometimes contradictory, this data give us a pluridisciplinary insight on settlement and land-use evolution, enabling to attempt a new synthesis about past settlement trends. It also enables to reassess the peculiarity of settlement dynamics and pattern within both mountains associated with very different environmental contexts. The use of such data then offers the possibility to link land-use evolution, settlement pattern and political management of the territories. A systematic crossing between palaeoenvironmental, archaeological and written data has been realised thanks to geolocation and association to common chronological frames. This data crossing highlight some bias and contradictions inside the corpus : some types of settlement or human activities does not appear the same way through one dataset or another. Meanwhile, a broader picture of settlement dynamics can be set.The assessed evolution begins with a very scarce or badly known settlement during Late Antiquity and ends with a very dense settlement and an overexploitation of lands at the end of Modern period. The transition between Antiquity and early Middle Ages seems to be characterised by a decay of settlement and human impact, drastic in Jura but apparently slight in Morvan. A progressive increase of human impact occurs during the early Middle Ages, while settlement patterns are still very partially characterised. The written documentation then deeply change during high Middle Ages, due to the appearance of monasteries and seigneuries in the heart of both mountains. Nevertheless, fiefs and parishes follow very different patterns within the two studied regions. Written sources also witness wide changes in settlement and land-use in Jura, especially with the clearing of mountain forests, while land-use seems more stable in Morvan. Late Middle Ages can be seen as a step of decrease or reshaping of human activities and feudal entities. Settlement is better documented and show many regional peculiarities. A final step of settlement takes place in the modern period, with the development of new settlement points and activities on the higher parts of the studied areas. Land-use evolution also seems to be shaped by the development of different economical specialisations, linked to pastoralism and forestry.Comparisons between piedmonts and higher places, or between Morvan and Jura, happen to emphasise the differences of settlement dynamics in middle mountains. Indeed, settlement and management pattern shows in both studied areas a lot of contrasts seen thanks to the analyse of settlement patterns, elite distribution, feudal and spiritual management networks. ; Les résultats de nombreuses analyses paléoenvironnementales et de plusieurs programmes de prospections archéologiques sont venus récemment renouveler notre compréhension des dynamiques d'occupation dans le Morvan et le Jura, deux massifs montagneux voisins et d'altitude moyenne. Ces informations peuvent être confrontées à un important corpus d'archives médiévales et modernes à partir desquelles l'historiographie régionale avait conclu à un peuplement tardif, en grande partie d'origine médiévale, dans des montagnes considérées comme répulsives. Ces jeux d'informations complémentaires et parfois contradictoires permettent donc de tenter une restitution pluridisciplinaire des processus d'anthropisation. Ils permettent également d'évaluer les éventuelles spécificités des dynamiques de peuplement au sein de deux massifs de moyenne montagne aux contraintes environnementales très différentes. L'utilisation de données pluridisciplinaires permet enfin une prise en compte plus large des liens entre évolutions paysagères, encadrement des territoires et formes de peuplement. Une confrontation approfondie des informations archéologiques, textuelles et paléoenvironnementales a été tentée grâce à la spatialisation systématique des informations et leur intégration à des cadres chronologiques communs. Les croisements révèlent un certain nombre de contradictions ou de hiatus qui permettent de mieux évaluer les limites du corpus. Une restitution plus complète des processus d'anthropisation devient ensuite possible.L'évolution appréhendée part d'une anthropisation très discrète ou méconnue à la fin de l'Antiquité au contexte de fort peuplement et de surexploitation du milieu atteint à la fin de l'époque moderne. Encore mal cernée, la transition entre Antiquité et haut Moyen Âge est caractérisée par un repli des occupations et de l'impact anthropique, très marqué dans le Jura, un peu moins en Morvan. L'anthropisation se développe progressivement durant le haut Moyen Âge, associée à des structures de peuplement et d'encadrement documentées de manière fragmentaire mais étendues sur les reliefs. Les XIe-XIIIe siècles constituent une phase de bouleversement documentaire accompagnée par l'installation de seigneuries ou de monastères au coeur des deux massifs. Le maillage seigneurial et paroissial semble toutefois se mettre en place de manière très contrastée. Une réorganisation du peuplement et des espaces agro-sylvo-pastoraux intervient par ailleurs dans le Jura, marqué par les défrichements, tandis que les évolutions paysagères paraissent restreintes en Morvan. Le Moyen Âge tardif apparaît comme une phase de repli ou de restructuration des entités politiques et des activités humaines. L'habitat rural est mieux documenté et montre diverses caractéristiques régionales. L'époque moderne constitue dans les deux massifs une dernière étape d'organisation des espaces de relief, avec l'implantation de nouveaux points de peuplement et de nouveaux découpages territoriaux. L'évolution des paysages est également marquée par le développement de spécialisations économiques distinctes liées notamment à l'exploitation des ressources herbagères et forestières. Les comparaisons entre piémont et reliefs ou d'un massif à l'autre permettent de souligner ou remettre en question les différences d'évolution liées à la moyenne montagne. Les formes d'occupation et d'organisation du territoire présentent en tout cas dans les deux régions des contrastes plus ou moins marqués entre zones basses et reliefs, lisibles notamment à travers les formes de l'habitat rural, la répartition des élites, la forme des réseaux d'encadrement seigneuriaux ou paroissiaux.