Suchergebnisse

U četvrtom godištu "Jevrejskog Almanaha" iz 1927 godine dr Leopold Fischer objavio je jedan deo građe o jevrejskoj dijaspori koju je prikupljao dugi niz godina iz mnogobrojnih knjiga, časopisa, rasprava i članaka. Opisao je jevrejsko stanovništvo u nekoliko zemalja Azije, njihov politički i društveni položaj, način života i istoriju njihovog naseljavanja. U ovom članku nastavlja sa opisom jevrejske dijaspore u zemljama istočne Azije i Jevrejima tih zemalja o čijoj se sudbini i životu kod nas malo zna. Prva zemlja koju opisuje je Indija, velika zemlja u kojoj žive brojni Jevreji naseljeni po različitim delovima. U Indiji tri grupe Jevreja: beli Jevreji, crni Jevreji i Beni Izrael (Deca Izraela). Ove tri grupe indijskih Jevreja žive svaka zasebno u različitim oblastima zemlje. O Jevrejima ostalih predela Indije koji su doseljenici iz evropskih, persijskih, arapskih i drugih zemalja zna se vrlo malo. I na Malajskom arhipelagu odnosno Indoneziji kao i na ostrvima između Azije i Australije ima Jevreja, ali samo u malom broju. Jevreja ima i u Nizozemskoj Indiji i bivšoj francuskoj koloniji Košinšin (deo Indokine). Naseljavanje Jevreja u Kini, koje je verovatno započelo još u vreme Prvog hrama, izuzetno je zanimljiva tema za istraživanje dela jevrejstva koje se nastanilo u ovoj velikoj zemlji. Iako su Jevreji Kine jedna od najviše istraživanih tema o kojoj su mnogi pisali i raspravljali i dalje postoje veom različita mišljenja o njihovom poreklu o kojima nas informiše autor. Na kraju dr Fisher daje nekoliko kratkih informacija o Jevrejima Japana. U odnosu na druge zemlje sveta, u Japanu živi najmanji broj jevrejskog stanovništa. Jevreji su se doselili u Japan početkom XX veka, naročito za vreme rusko-japanskog rata. ; In the fourth volume of the "Jewish Almanac" from 1927, Dr. Leopold Fischer published a part of the material on the Jewish diaspora, which he collected for many years from numerous books, magazines, discussions, and articles. He described the Jewish population in several Asian countries, their political and social position, way of life, and the history of their settlement. In this article, he continues with a description of the Jewish diaspora in the countries of East Asia and the Jews of those countries whose fate and life are little known in our country. The first country he describes is India, a large country inhabited by many Jews living in different parts. In India, there are three groups of Jews: white Jews, black Jews, and Beni Izrael (Bnei Yisra'el). These three groups of Indian Jews live separately in different areas of the country. Very little is known about Jews from other parts of India who are immigrants from European, Persian, Arab and other countries. There are Jews in the Malay Archipelago and Indonesia, as well as on the islands between Asia and Australia, but only in small numbers. There are also Jews in Dutch India and the former French colony of Cochinchina (Cochin-China- part of Indochina). The settlement of Jews in China, which probably began during the time of the First Temple, is an extremely interesting topic for researching the part of Judaism that settled in this great country. Although the Jews of China are one of the most researched topics that many have written and discussed, there are still very different opinions about their origins that the author informs us about. Finally, Dr. Fisher gives some brief information about the Jews of Japan. Compared to other countries in the world, Japan has the smallest Jewish population. Jews immigrated to Japan in the early twentieth century, especially during the Russo-Japanese War.

U petom godištu "Jevrejskog Almanaha" iz 1929 godine dr Leopold Fischer objavio je treći deo iz građe o jevrejskoj dijaspori koju je prikupljao dugi niz godina iz mnogobrojnih knjiga, časopisa, rasprava i članaka. U prva dva dela opisao je jevrejsko stanovništvo u nekoliko zemalja Azije, njihov politički i društveni položaj, način života i istoriju njihovog naseljavanja. U ovom članku nastavlja sa opisom jevrejske dijaspore u zemljama Afrike. Najveći deo opisa posvećen je Egiptu u kome je nekada bila kolevka jevrejskog naroda. U kratkom istorijskom pregledu dr Fisher navodi da je posle izlaska jevrejskog naroda iz zemlje u kojoj su bili robovi, Egipat vekovima ostao bez Jevreja. Posle razorenja Jerusalema 586. godine mnogobrojni Jevreji na čelu sa prorokom Jeremijom, izbegli su u Egipat i tamo osnovali prve jevrejske opštine. Od tog vremena Jevreji se kontinuirano naseljavaju, nekada u manjem broju a nekada u većim talasima u zavisnosti od istorijskih okolnosti, kao što je bio izgon iz Španije. Jevreji koji žive u Egiptu nisu ujedinjeni ni kulturno ni jezički ni društveno i mogu se podeliti u dve grupe - na egipatske i na evropske Jevreje. Egipatski Jevreji čine nadmoćnu većinu Jevreja u zemlji. Oni se opet dele na dve grupe: arapske Jevreje koji govore naročitim narečjem arapskog jezika, i španske Jevreje koji govore španski. Obe grupe čine "Sefardim". Oni su u čvrsto povezani sa političkim, društvenim i privrednim životom Egipta, veoma su imućni i pripadaju elitnom društvu Egipta. Mnogo manja grupa evropskih Jevreja je raznolika. Sastavljena je od italijanskih, grčkih, francuskih i austrijskih Jevreji kao i od jedne male istočno-jevrejske grupa, koja se naziva "Aškenazim" i govori jidiš. Iako Jevreji Egipta govore zvaničnim arapskim jezikom, u krugu porodice govore na jevrejsko-arapskom, španskom, jidišu, ili na jeziku zemlje iz koje su došli. Kairo i Aleksandrija imaju mnogobrojne sinagoge a osim javnih postoje i privatne sinagoge. Dr Fisher ističe da su i neke poznate jevrejske ličnosti živele ili posećivale Egipat kao npr. Majmonides po kome je glavna sinagoga u orijentalnoj četvrti dobila naziv. Interesantan je opis običaja pojedinih grupa, njihove nošnje, obrazovanja i kulturnog života a posebno položaja žena koji je isto tako nepovoljan kao i u njihovom arapskom okruženju. Osim u Egiptu Jevreji su se naselili i u drugim zemljama Severne Afrike. Dr Fischer prikazuje iscrpan istorijat njihovog doseljavanja a posebno govori o "belim" Jevrejima koji žive dublje prema unutrašnjosti Afrike sve do ekvatora. Čak i u oazama čitave severnoafričke Sahare ima mnogo Jevreja koji su uspeli da ostanu homogeni u mnogo brojnijem okruženju berberskog stanovništva. ; In the fifth year of the "Jewish Almanac" from 1929, Dr. Leopold Fischer published the third part of the material on the Jewish diaspora, which he collected for many years from numerous books, magazines, discussions, and articles. In the first two parts, he described the Jewish population in several Asian countries, their political and social position, way of life, and the history of their settlement. In this article, he continues with a description of the Jewish diaspora in African countries. Most of the description is dedicated to Egypt, which was once the cradle of the Jewish people. In a brief historical review, Dr. Fischer states that after the Jewish people left the country where they were slaves, Egypt was left without Jews for centuries. After the destruction of Jerusalem in 586, many Jews, led by the prophet Jeremiah, fled to Egypt and founded the first Jewish communities there. Since that time, Jews have been continuously settling, sometimes in smaller numbers and sometimes in larger waves depending on historical circumstances, such as the expulsion from Spain. Jews living in Egypt are not united culturally, linguistically, or socially and can be divided into two groups - Egyptian and European Jews. Egyptian Jews make up the vast majority of Jews in the country and they are divided into two groups: Arab Jews who speak a special dialect of Arabic, and Spanish Jews who speak Spanish. Both groups make up "Sephardim". They are firmly connected with the political, social, and economic life of Egypt, are very wealthy, and belong to the elite society of Egypt. A much smaller group of European Jews is diverse. It is composed of Italian, Greek, French and Austrian Jews as well as a small East Jewish group, called "Ashkenazim" and speaks Yiddish. Although the Jews of Egypt speak the official Arabic language, in the family circle they speak Hebrew-Arabic, Spanish, Yiddish, or the language of the country they came from. Cairo and Alexandria have numerous synagogues and in addition to public synagogues, there are also private synagogues. Dr. Fisher points out that some famous Jewish personalities also lived or visited Egypt, such as Maimonides, after whom the main synagogue in the oriental quarter was named. It is interesting to describe the customs of certain groups, their costumes, education, and cultural life, and especially the position of women, which is just as unfavorable as in their Arab environment. Apart from Egypt, Jews also settled in other North African countries. Dr. Fischer presents an exhaustive history of their immigration and especially talks about "white" Jews who live deeper into the interior of Africa all the way to the equator. Even in the oases of the entire North African Sahara, there are many Jews who have managed to remain homogeneous in the much larger environment of the Berber population.

Any review and analysis of the issue of identity among—shall we call them Russian-speaking Jews? Russian Jews? Soviet Jews? Jews in or from the former Soviet Union?—is instantly complicated by problems that derive from recent political and demographic changes. "Soviet Jewry," first conceptualized in the formative years of the USSR and then crystalized under Stalin's regime into an immutable political-juridical identity, like the Soviet Union, is no more. Without an agreed-upon category for hundreds of thousands of people who lived at least part of their lives in what was the Soviet Union it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to discuss their "identity."

The mass migration of East European Jews and their resettlement in cities throughout Europe, the United States, Argentina, the Middle East and Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries not only transformed the demographic and cultural centers of world Jewry, it also reshaped Jews' understanding and performance of their diasporic identities. Rebecca Kobrin's study of the dispersal of Jews from one city in Poland -- Bialystok -- demonstrates how the act of migration set in motion a wide range of transformations that led the migrants to imagine themselves as exiles not only from the mythic Land of Israel but most immediately from their east European homeland. Kobrin explores the organizations, institutions, newspapers, and philanthropies that the Bialystokers created around the world and that reshaped their perceptions of exile and diaspora.

The new anti-Semitism, Jewish identity, and the question of Zionism / Danny Ben-Moshe, Neil Lazarus Israel commentator, Jean-Yves Camus Diaspora commentator -- Jewish continuity and Israel visits / David Mittelberg, Alan Hoffman Israel commentator, Gabriel Trajtenberg Diaspora commentator -- Israel in Orthodox identity : the American experience / Chaim Waxman, Eliezer Don-Yehiya Israel commentator, Françoise Ouzan Diaspora commentator -- Conservative Judaism, Zionism and Israel : commitments and ambivalences / Daniel Gordis, Reuven Hammer Israel commentator, David Starr Diaspora commentator -- The place of Israel in the identity of Reform Jews : examining the spectrum of passive identification with Israel to active Jewish-Zionist commitment / Michael Livni, Michael Marmur and Lisa Grant Israel and Diaspora joint commentators -- The Jewish left, Jewish identity, Zionism and Israel attitudes to the Palestinian intifada, 2000-2005 / Philip Mendes, Avi Katzman Israel commentator, Jonathan Freedland Diaspora commentator -- The changing identity of American Jews, Israel and the peace process / Ofira Seliktar, Avi Beker Israel commentator, Scott Lasensky Diaspora commentator -- Israel's foreign and defence policy and Diaspora Jewish identity / Jonathan Rynhold, Amiram Barkat Israel commentator, Dov Waxman Diaspora commentator -- Gender and Israel in Diaspora Jewish identity / Elana Sztokman, Alice Shalvi Israel commentator, Caryn Aviv Diaspora commentator -- The place of Israel in the identity of Israelis in the Diaspora : an ethnographic exploration / Steve J. Gold, Naama Sabar Israel commentator, Rona Hart Diaspora commentator -- Canada / David Goldberg -- Great britain / Colin Shindler -- Latin America / Graciela Ben Dror -- France / Erik Cohen -- Australia / Suzanne D. Rutland -- United States of America / Robert Wexler -- South Africa / Richard Mendelsohn and Milton Shain -- Russia / Larissa Remennick -- Israel in Diaspora Jewish identity : a perspective from Israel / Gabi sheffer -- A perspective from the Diaspora / Steven Bayme