Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Ethanol metabolism plays an essential role in how the body perceives and experiences alcohol consumption, and evidence suggests that modulation of ethanol metabolism can alter the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). In this review, we explore how ethanol metabolism, mainly via alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), contributes to drinking behaviors by integrating preclinical and clinical findings. We discuss how alcohol dehydrogenase and ALDH2 polymorphisms change the risk for AUD, and whether we can harness that knowledge to design interventions for AUD that alter ethanol metabolism. We detail the use of disulfiram, RNAi strategies, and kudzu/isoflavones to inhibit ALDH2 and increase acetaldehyde, ideally leading to decreases in drinking behavior. In addition, we cover recent preclinical evidence suggesting that strategies other than increasing acetaldehyde-mediated aversion can decrease ethanol consumption, providing other potential metabolism-centric therapeutic targets. However, modulating ethanol metabolism has inherent risks, and we point out some of the key areas in which more data are needed to mitigate these potential adverse effects. Finally, we present our opinions on the future of treating AUD by the modulation of ethanol metabolism.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Theoretical Approaches to SUDs -- Chapter 3. Characteristics of Investigated TCs -- Chapter 4. Qualitative Methods in the Research on SUDs -- Chapter 5. Results of the Data Analysis -- Chapter 6. Effective Factors of the Treatment in TCs -- Chapter 7. Finding Motivation in Recovery -- Chapter 8. Family and Substance Use -- Chapter 9. Sprituality and Religion in SUDs Treatment -- Chapter 10. Substance Use from the Cross-Cultural Perspective -- Chapter 11. Previous Treatments -- Chapter 12. Etiology of Substance Use Disorders -- Chapter 13. Treatment Support -- Chapter 14. Treatment Rules -- Chapter 15. Group Cohesion -- Chapter 16. Impact of Substance Use on the Study or Work -- Chapter 17. Therapeutic Choice in the SUDs Treatment -- Chapter 18. Gender Differences in Treatment of Substance Use Disorders -- Chapter 19. Health Consequences of the Substance Use -- Chapter 20. Treatment Evaluation -- Chapter 21. Relapse Prevention -- Chapter 22. Duration of the Treatment -- Chapter 23. A Cross-Cultural Approach to the Substance Use Disorders Treatment: Limitations and Challenges.

For decades, the U.S. meat industry has fed medically important antibiotics to chickens, pigs, and cattle to accelerate their weight gain and prevent disease in the stressful and unhygienic conditions that typify industrialized animal agriculture production facilities. A strong scientific consensus exists, asserting that this practice fosters antibiotic resistance in bacteria to the detriment of human health. In response to this public health threat, the European Union has banned the non-therapeutic feeding of a number of antibiotics of human importance to farm animals. Given these serious concerns as well as recent data that suggest an overall lack of financial benefit, the U.S. meat industry should discontinue this risky practice.

Globally, nearly 20 million children under five suffer from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), a condition which contributes to one million child deaths annually. In India 48% of children under five years of age are stunted and 43 percent are underweight; almost 8 million suffer from SAM. Malnutrition is not a new problem in India, nor is SAM. Several hospitals and non-government organizations are engaged in community-based management of malnutrition using locally produced/procured and locally processed foods along with intensive nutrition education. These programs enable parents to meet the nutritional requirements of their children with foods that are available at low cost. The Supreme Court of India has also directed the government to universalize the Integrated Child Development Scheme and provide one hot cooked meal to children under six years of age to supplement their nutrition. The blame for the increasing number of severely malnourish children can be laid at the door of policies that have destroyed poor people's access to food. Nonetheless, there is urgent need to ensure that these children do not die; that they recover and maintain a healthy nutritional status. The current thinking – that a centrally produced and processed Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) should supplant the locally prepared indigenous foods in treatment of SAM – ignores the multiple causes of malnutrition and destroys the diversity of potential solutions based on locally available foods. This position paper has been drafted by Dr. Vandana Prasad, Radha Holla and Dr. Arun Gupta, members of the Working Group for Children Under Six – a joint effort of Jan Swasthya Abhiyan (People's Health Movement – India) and the Right to Food Campaign which been advocating for the last three years with the Indian government for decentralized and community-based strategies to combat and prevent malnutrition in children.