Suchergebnisse

The problems of investment policy, of all its most important directions, in the opinion of most economists, were and remain relevant, in general, for the Russian Federation and for its regions: the emasculation of the economic essence of investment, the investment recession, i.e. an increase in the number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation with decreasing volumes of investment activity. In the context of modern economic development, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are assigned an increasing role in increasing the scale and priorities of their investment activities. The formation and implementation of the investment policy of the regions of the Russian Federation is becoming, in general, an important innovative and socially oriented direction of the economic policy of the Russian state. The primary and two-pronged goal of the regional investment policy is to mobilize state investment resources while simultaneously creating favorable and comfortable conditions for enhancing investment activity. It is in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that projects for the modernization of production potential are being implemented, structural shifts in the region's economy are being laid and developed, and the necessary economic and social facilities are being created again. The article presents the basic principles of the formation and implementation of the state regional investment policy.

Energy sectors-primarily power generation and gas production, but also energy transmission and distribution-require significant capital investment in infrastructure. Market structures as well as the degree of competition and regulation are key factors that determine firms' incentive to invest. Yet the empirical research on the link between these factors and private investment is still quite scarce, especially in the energy sectors. In this study, we empirically examine whether competition policy enforcement and regulatory intervention in European gas and electricity markets affects firms' incentive to invest. Our findings show that EU merger policy enforcement is significantly related to a higher investment in low-regulated markets.

AbstractA common finding in the literature is that social investment policies are broadly popular among citizens but still politically difficult to implement. This article provides a partial answer to this puzzle by exploring the fiscal trade-offs associated with such a recalibration. Based on survey data from eight Western European countries, it first explores citizens' fiscal policy preferences with regard to the preferred size of the public sector and the distribution of spending across different subsectors. These preferences are then shown to be significantly associated with attitudes towards fiscal trade-offs regarding the expansion of social investment policies. The results reveal a political dilemma for policy-makers keen on expanding social investment: People who traditionally support a large public sector and more welfare state spending tend to oppose redistributing spending towards social investment, whereas support for such a recalibration is higher among those who have a sceptical view on public spending.

The Investment Policy Review examines Tunisia's investment regime and how it has influenced investor decisions, as well as its shortcomings under the former political regime. It reflects on developments after the 2011 revolution which opened the way for enhanced reforms on investment, including the preparation of a new Investment Code. The new authorities also show commitments to enhance responsible business conduct and to improve the investment framework in support of a green economy.In recognition of recent efforts to enhance its investment climate, Tunisia became the 44th country to adhere to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. As an adherent to the Declaration, Tunisia commits to providing national treatment to foreign investors – within the limits of the legal restrictions mentioned in the Review – and to promoting responsible business conduct, in line with the OECD Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, including through the establishment of a National Contact Point. In turn, the country benefits from similar assurances from other adherents to treat Tunisian investors fairly.

When investing in cyber security resources, information security managers have to follow effective decision-making strategies. We refer to this as the cyber security investment challenge. In this paper, we consider three possible decision support methodologies for security managers to tackle this challenge. We consider methods based on game theory, combinatorial optimisation, and a hybrid of the two. Our modelling starts by building a framework where we can investigate the effectiveness of a cyber security control regarding the protection of different assets seen as targets in presence of commodity threats. As game theory captures the interaction between the endogenous organisation's and attackers' decisions, we consider a 2-person control game between the security manager who has to choose among different implementation levels of a cyber security control, and a commodity attacker who chooses among different targets to attack. The pure game theoretical methodology consists of a large game including all controls and all threats. In the hybrid methodology the game solutions of individual control-games along with their direct costs (e.g. financial) are combined with a knapsack algorithm to derive an optimal investment strategy. The combinatorial optimisation technique consists of a multi-objective multiple choice knapsack based strategy. To compare these approaches we built a decision support tool and a case study regarding current government guidelines. The endeavour of this work is to highlight the weaknesses and strengths of different investment methodologies for cyber security, the benefit of their interaction, and the impact that indirect costs have on cyber security investment. Going a step further in validating our work, we have shown that our decision support tool provides the same advice with the one advocated by the UK government with regard to the requirements for basic technical protection from cyber attacks in SMEs.

This publication finds that the progress Vietnam has achieved in less than two decades in putting into place a legal framework and implementing policies that mobilize private investment, including international direct investment, to support economic growth and the prosperity of Vietnam's citizens has been remarkable. Starting from a situation in which the economy was essentially closed to private and international investment, Vietnam is now considered to be one of the very attractive economies in the world for investment.--Publisher's description

The global challenges of poverty, sustainable development, and climate change are being tackled with renewed vigour in international negotiations of sustainable development goals for 2016–2030. New commitments also mean increased demands for investment—quantitatively more and qualitatively more sustainable. The latter depends on unleashing the inherent package of benefits embedded in capital and on creating shared value for all stakeholders. Much evidence suggests that sustainability can be commercially viable under appropriate policy frameworks. Hence, the need to put such frameworks in place, globally and nationally, to ensure meeting the increased investment demands of the future. Actions at the national level will require international support. This note advances the case for an international support programme for sustainable investment facilitation. As it explains, potentially all investments are sustainable, but the appropriate policy frameworks need definition, often in novel ways and increasingly in partnership with multiple stakeholders, domestic and foreign. Facilitating investment for future needs, therefore, is not a matter of promotion-as-usual, but a process of discovery and diffusion of new approaches and applications, a process that needs nurturing and support by the international community. Ways in which such backing can be provided to an international support programme for sustainable investment facilitation are discussed in detail, including making use of the World Trade Organization- (WTO) led Aid-for-Trade Initiative and the recently adopted WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. The issues mentioned for possible inclusion in the support programme, as well as the options outlined on how such a programme could be put in place, are illustrative. The key premise is the importance—and urgency—of creating more favourable conditions for sustainable FDI flows to meet the investment needs of the future. As governments and the private sector increasingly share this view, they will hopefully muster the political will and find the appropriate venue to put an international support programme for sustainable investment facilitation in place.

"1. IPRs can be a very useful instrument for making FDI policy more effective for the development process. 2. IPRs should not focus exclusively on foreign direct investment but rather on investment in general and consider FDI as one of several elements in the development process. 3. UNCTAD should, in accord with donor countries, take a greater say in the selection of the countries reviewed. The starting point should be an analysis of the absorption capacity and the need for external assistance in the countries in question. 4. In view of widely differing domestic capacities and different needs for and institutional policy advice, UNCTAD should undertake more efforts to adapt the volume of issues covered to the advice actually needed. Activities could extend from Quick Response Window action on one or few specific problems to an "IPR light" or a full-fledged IPR. 5. Recommendations should be based more on investors' and non-investors' experiences and assessments than on a formal investment framework. Assessment of the impact and definition of investment opportunities should be more cautious, given the complexity of these issues. 6. Much weight should be given (1) to the coherence of the various policy actions and (2) to compatibility of national FDI policy and obligations resulting from international treaties. 7. Recommendations regarding policy measures should often be more precise. 8. Support should be given to UNCTAD policy with a view to making use of the knowledge and resources available in other programs. Co-ordination with other institutions (World Bank, OECD, UNDP, etc.) should be intensified. However, this should focus on exchange of facts - competition should continue as far as the provision of advices concerned. 9. Involvement of stakeholders from government, business, and civil society can contribute to better acceptance of an IPR. Top-level government support likewise serves to improve the chances that recommendations will in fact be implemented. UNCTAD's policy in this respect should be continued as long as recommendations are not diluted and become featureless. 10. Implementation of recommendations should be promoted by integrating IPR activities more into 'normal' development assistance. A certain share of the IPR budget should be reserved for implementation action, such as meetings, certain consulting activities, and development of domestic human resources. We consider a 30% share appropriate." (excerpt)