For several years the evolution of eGovernment in Spain has been influenced by various factors, both internal and external. These include an adequate legal framework, plans and programmes for eGovernment promotion, awareness of its advantages and increasing social demand. Depending on their circumstances, each type of administration has taken a different approach, although always with the purpose of encouraging changes in their relations with citizens. The present economic crisis must be also taken into account, since it is influencing eGovernment promotion initiatives. Under these conditions, the implementation process evidences three main trends in the current development of relationships via electronic media, also reflected in Spanish legislation on eGovernment: simplification, transparency and administrative cooperation.
Women's role in political representation has been deeply studied in the administration and political literature, but scarcely researched from an employment point of view. Furthermore, there is a lack of attention to public employment in administrations, specifically municipalities, which are the closest public level to the citizenry. We claim women's employment in public administration presents similar characteristics to private employment—occupational segregation, wage gap, glass ceiling—despite being a traditional niche of protected employment for women in Europe and globally. This fact is contrary to what might be expected, from a guarantor of equality in the public sector.
The objective of this work is the comparative analysis of public administration reforms in Brazil and Spain during the last third of the twentieth century to the present. The main trends of modernization studied in this research are New Public Management, governance and e-administration. The methodology combines the historical analysis, the comparative method and the documentary and empirical collection of the data extracted from both administrations. Among the conclusions are similarities and singularities of each case. In both countries, modernization began as an adaptive response to social changes and reforms focused on the granting, privatization and outsourcing of contracts with private organizations as providers of public services. Among the differences are identified that in Brazil the reforms were concentrated in a very short period while in Spain they were gradual and in tune with the European Union.
Actions designed by States to achieve equality between men and women seek to develop normative instruments and gender policies to break down structural inequalities. This paper, which examines the case study of Spain's Public Administration, reviews the measures adopted in terms of access to public sector employment and staffing policy during the democratic period, in order answer the questions: When and how were they designed? Which political actors have been driving them? What stage are we at now? The ultimate aim is to identify the advances made and specific measures implemented, bringing to the debate the general and contextual elements that are hampering the effective achievement of equality. The study of the Spanish Public Administration could exemplify a journey, in particular but very illustrative, of the difficulties, challenges and strategies in favor of equality and public policies with a gender perspective. ; Dotarse de instrumentos normativos y de políticas de género con el objeto de derrotar las desigualdades estructurales es el objetivo de las acciones para la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres diseñadas por los Estados. En este trabajo, centrado en el estudio de caso de la Administración Pública española, se repasan las medidas adoptadas en el ámbito del acceso al empleo público y la política de personal en el periodo democrático, para responder a las preguntas: ¿cuándo y cómo han sido diseñadas?, ¿qué actores políticos las han impulsado?, ¿en qué momento estamos? El propósito último es identificar los avances y las medidas específicas, trayendo al debate los elementos generales y contextuales que obstaculizan la consecución efectiva de la igualdad. El estudio de la Administración Pública española puede ejemplificar un recorrido, particular pero muy ilustrativo, de las dificultades, retos y estrategias en favor de la igualdad y las políticas públicas con perspectiva de género.
