Suchergebnisse

The origins of the Military Hospitaller Orders, which saw their establishment during the Crusader Period, are shrouded in a haze of reality and myth stemming from the fact that 17th-18th century historians writing about these Orders assumed the role of enthusiastic eulogists to the detriment of objective history writing. The exact origins of the Leprosis ecclesia Sancti Lazari qua est in Jerusalem Confratribus and the Fratrum Sancti Lazari extra muros Jerusalem leprosis as referred in the deeds of donation dated 1144/1150 remain questionable. The earliest mention in the available cartulary of an ecclesiam de Caciaco, totam videlicet partem nostram, beatis pauperibus Sancti Lazari is made in an 1112 Charter given by Louis VI the Fat of France. This, however, specifically refers to the Maladrerie de Saint-Lazare-lés-Orléans and not directly to the Jerusalem establishment. Another undated document attributed to Henri I of England (dated circa 1106-1120) by the 18th century historian of the Order P.E. Gautier de Sibert is, in fact, a charter document given by Henri II of England. ; N/A

This remarkable book scrutinizes the rationale and enforcement of the continuing United Nations sanctions in Iraq-a program widely criticized for imposing misery on an entire population in a fruitless attempt to humble a cynical tyrant. It is the first book-length study ever undertaken of the functioning of a Security Council sanctions committee. It analyzes in detail substantive UN sanctions law, the operation of mandatory Chapter VII sanctions, and their practical enforcement strategies. The author offers recommendations, both legislative and organizational, for improving the effectiveness of multilateral sanctions measures in the future. Providing a rare insider's view of this aspect of international law and organization, and based largely on previously unpublished documents, United Nations Sanctions Management will be of great interest for the light it sheds on the background to the current UN impasse on Iraq. There are two statistical tables, four flowcharts, lists of committee members and meetings, and a select bibliography. Published under the auspices of the Procedural Aspects of International Law Institute (PAIL). For more information about PAIL go to pail-institute.org. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint

The end of the 13th century saw the Order of Saint Lazarus lose its raison d'être with the expulsion of the Christian forces from the Kingdom of Jerusalem through the fall of Acre in April 1291. The Order had its origins before the First Crusade of 1099 as an establishment known as the Hospitalis Infirmorum Sancti Lazari de Jerusalem sited outside the walls of Jerusalem set up with the specific aim of caring for the victims of leprosy. The Order eventually adopted a further military role participating in various military campaigns in the Outremer. It was placed under the suffrage of the Patriarch of Jerusalem and confirmed to be under the Rule of Saint Augustine through the Bull promulgated by Pope Alexander IV in 1255. ; N/A

The Sancti Lazari Ordinis Academia Internationalis held its second academic meeting in conjunction with the International Pilgrimage of the Military & Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem held in June 2017 in the Cathedral of Monreale in Sicily. During the meeting, the statutes of the Academy were formally accepted opening the way forward towards the legalization of the Academy. The Cathedral in Monreale is particularly important to the Order of Saint Lazarus since it houses the remains of King Saint Louis who was a past patron of the Order. King of France, son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, born at Poissy, 25 April 1215; died while on Crusade near Tunis, 25 August 1270. St Louis's canonization was proclaimed at Orvieto in 1297 by Boniface VIII. ; N/A

On the 14 July 1099, Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders who founded the Kingdom of Jerusalem; a kingdom that was to remain constantly threatened by Islamic forces until the Crusaders were eventually ousted from Acre on the 14 May 1291. In Jerusalem, the Crusaders found a number of functioning establishments that had been set up in previous centuries with the aim of providing succour to pilgrims. One such establishment was the leprosarium in Hierosolymorum eremo (agro) sanctae Mariae in Monte Olivarum set up by Aelia Eudoxia in the fourth century AD.In the early decades of the 12th century, this establishment was to assume a monastic form to become the Fratres hospitalis Sancti Lazari Hierosolimitani. The assumption of a link between the 4th century and the 12th century establishments was made by Pope Pius IV. ; N/A

The Battle of Lepanto was fought between the Holy League coalition and the Ottoman Empire. The Holy League was made up of the maritime forces of the Papal States, the Spanish Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Urbino, and the Order of Saint John of Malta. A painting by Antonello Riccio entitled "Madonna della Flotta" held at the Malta Maritime Museum at Vittoriosa, Malta depicts a series of galleys with their standards which had participated during this fateful battle. One galley is depicted flying the green cross standard of the Order of St. Lazarus. The participation of the Order during this battle is not surprising, but was probably restricted to resources furnished by the Capuan section of the Order. No specific mention is made of the participation of galleys from the Order of St. Lazarus. However, two galleys known to have belonged to the Order have been recorded as having participated in the battle. These were registered as Savoyard since they were most likely under the jurisdiction of the Capuan section then led by Duke Emmanuel Philibeto of Savoy. These two vessels were the galleys "Piedmontesa" and "Margherita". ; N/A

In 1973, the Torri ta' Lanzun was acquired by the Order of Saint Lazarus and formally opened by the then Grand Master of the Order, His Excellency Don Francisco de Borbón y Borbón, as the official Worldwide Headquarters of the Order of St Lazarus. The building is sited in the outskirts of the village of San Ġwann in the region known as Tal-Minsija [translated as 'the forgotten'] in the island of Malta overlooking Wied Għomor between Għargħar and present-day St Julian's. Situated about 1000 metres from the eastern coast of Malta leading to St. Julian's Bay, the area is today a very urbanized locality with the Torri ta' Lanzun being surrounded by a number of maisonettes and villas. It is, therefore, difficult to fully appreciate its original role as a protective farmhouse in the area in bygone days. In the fifteenth century, when Torri ta' Lanzun was built, the geographical situation was significantly different from what it is today. The region, then known as Il-Ħofra ta' Xagħret il-Għar [translated as 'the cave opening'] was a completely isolated rural locality within the parish of Birkirkara inhabited only by local farmers who were subject to attacks from pirates who landed on the shore to replenish their food and water stores, and of course capture anyone whom they could sell into slavery. ; N/A