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Intentions in Communication brings together major theorists from artificial intelligence and computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology whose work develops the foundations for an account of the role of intentions in a comprehensive theory of communication. It demonstrates, for the first time, the emerging cooperation among disciplines concerned with the fundamental role of intention in communication. The fourteen contributions in this book address central questions about the nature of intention as it is understood in theories of communication, the crucial role of intention recognition in understanding utterances, the use of principles of rational interaction in interpreting speech acts, the contribution of intonation contours to intention recognition, and the need for more general models of intention that support a view of dialogue as a collaborative activity. The contributors are Michael E. Bratman, Philip R. Cohen, Hector J. Levesque, Martha E. Pollack, Henry Kautz, Andrew J.I. Jones, C. Raymond Perrault, Daniel Vanderveken, Janet Pierrehumbert, Julia Hirschberg, Richmond H. Thomason, Diane J Litman, James F. Allen, John R. Searle, Barbara J. Grosz, Candace L. Sidner, Herbert H. Clark and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs. The book also includes commentaries by James F. Allen, W.A Woods, Jerry Morgan, Jerrold M. Sadock Jerry R. Hobbs, and Kent Bach. Philip R. Cohen is a Senior Computer Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International and is a Senior Researcher with the Center for the Study of Language and Information; Jerry Morgan is Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois; Martha E. Pollack is a Computer Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International and is a Senior Researcher with the Center for the Study of Language and Information. Intentions in Communication is included in the System Development Foundation Benchmark Series.

AbstractThis article defends the normative status of the right intentions requirement in just war theory. Before we turn to many ethical questions about a conflict – whether there was just cause or whether a war was fought well – we often begin by asking whether the war was rightly intended. Particularly in the contemporary world, where questions of humanitarian intentions and their place in international law is an important political issue, clarifying what we mean by right intentions and showing why they matter is politically very important. Unfortunately, despite the importance of right intentions in the history of political thought, recent discussions give the concept mixed attention, leaving it obscure and difficult to apply. The first section reviews four traditional accounts, showing their underlying (and important) differences and respective weaknesses. The second section of the article argues that these models fail because they are rooted in private instead of public reason. A model of right intentions as public intentions is described and justified, where an intention is only right when the motives that underlie it can be endorsed by the group it is supposed to aid, and the opportunities it provides that group are endorsable by the intervener.

Artist's Statement Good Intentions depicts various manifestations of intentional community. An intentional community is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose, working cooperatively to create a lifestyle that reflects their shared core values. The people may live together on a piece of rural land, in a suburban home, or in an urban neighborhood, and they may share a single residence or live in a cluster of dwellings. Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle, each of these groups places a high priority on fostering a sense of community--a feeling of belonging and mutual support that is increasingly hard to find in mainstream Western society. The project began with my recognition that, among my generation, there has been a return to this communal ideology. In the current political atmosphere, many people are questioning society's values and rethinking the often-alienating "individualist" mentality. They bemoan the "loss of community" in the United States and so have found various ways of reintroducing it, intentionally, into their lives. Observing this resurgence in various groups of my peers and recognizing it as a socially and politically significant movement, I was compelled to explore a cross-section of communities, old and new, young and old, religiously based and secular, communes, co-ops, Eco villages, etc. I began my exploration with idealistic notions and a photographic intent to prove that these notions could hold true. However, upon visiting my first community I realized that to proceed with this intent would be to provide a false and over-romanticized tale of my subjects. Instead I had to negotiate my privileged position as an outsider, a temporary visitor, and allow my photographs to navigate my way in. By treating each community as an individual and with little preconception, I was able to examine the cohesive intricacies and complexity of relationships that existed in every community I came across. My experiences within the 15 communities that I visited ...

1. Wittgenstein's intentions / John V. Canfield -- 2. The agreement of thought and reality / P.M.S. Hacker -- 3. The autonomy of language / Robert L. Arrington -- 4. Suspicion / Alan R. White -- 5. Act, content and the duck-rabbit / Roderick Chisholm -- 6. Why can't a baby pretend to smile? / Eike von Savigny -- 7. Playing with language : language-games reconsidered / Bernd Frohmann -- 8. Transfinite numbers / Alice Ambrose -- 9. Religious belief / John W. Cook -- 10. Knowing what one was intending to say / J.F.M. Hunter -- 11. Consciousness : the Cartesian enigma and its contemporary resolution / Jeff Coulter -- 12. Wittgenstein versus James and Russell on the nature of willing / Stuart G. Shanker.

Communicative and compliance behaviors of subjects working in three-person groups were predicted. Consistent with Fishbein's modified version of Dulany's theory of propositional control, subjects' intentions to perform these behaviors correlated highly with their attitudes toward the behaviors and with their normative beliefs about the behaviors, multiplied by their motivation to comply with the norms. Behavioral intentions correlated significantly with behavior, although intervening events were found to attenuate the intention-behavior relation. Measuring intentions after these intervening events had occurred, or taking the intervening events into account, was shown to improve behavioral prediction. These findings were compared with prediction of behavior from traditional attitude measures.