Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the problem of transition from one level of education (school) to another (highe education institution). Special attention is paid to the problem of mathematical training of future students. Test exam scores obtained by school graduates do not guarantee that the freshman understands the foundation of basic mathematical knowledge, and very often in practice it appears to be that a freshmen has significant gaps. The article deals with the input control as one of the elements of thepedagogic system that can give an idea of the actual state of the object. After analysing various sources, as well as summarising their practical experience with the experience of teachers at other higher education institutions, the authors come to the conclusion about the need for input control in order to determine the degree of readiness of the pupil to the next stage of educational activity – the development of competences at a higher education institution.

Why do frequently‐criticised input controls survive in the management of public spending while apparently more enlightened output/outcome controls come and go? The question matters, because output/outcome controls are often assumed in Public Financial Management and related literature to lead to superior policy performance as compared with input‐focused approaches. We tackle the question by applying qualitative push‐pull analysis to compare one key type of input controls (administration cost controls) with one much‐discussed form of output/outcome controls (performance targets linked to spending allocations) in one major country case, the UK, over two decades. Drawing on documents and in‐depth interviews with 120 key political and bureaucratic players, we conclude that bureaucratic inertia at most only partially explains the survival of input administration cost controls in this case. The push/pull factors associated with the politics of blame and credit made the political players fair‐weather output controllers but all‐weather input controllers.

AbstractWhy do frequently criticized input controls survive in the management of public spending while apparently more enlightened output/outcome controls come and go? The question matters, because output/outcome controls are often assumed in public financial management and related literature to lead to superior policy performance as compared with input‐focused approaches. We tackle the question by applying qualitative push–pull analysis to compare one key type of input controls (administration cost [AC] controls) with one much‐discussed form of output/outcome controls (performance targets linked to spending allocations) in one major country case, the United Kingdom, over two decades. Drawing on documents and in‐depth interviews with 120 key political and bureaucratic players, we conclude that bureaucratic inertia at most only partially explains the survival of input AC controls in this case. The push/pull factors associated with the politics of blame and credit made the political players fair‐weather output controllers but all‐weather input controllers.

AbstractThis article examines the structure of contractual relations between growers and first handlers in California fruit and vegetable markets. Evidence on existing structures is collected from on‐site interviews and from a small mail survey of market intermediaries who contract with independent growers. Four generic instruments are identified—input control, field visits, quality measurement, and residual price risk—which are used to coordinate relations between growers and first handlers and which help to alleviate information asymmetries and align incentives between contracting parties. Drawing from our interviews and survey, we offer examples of how each of these instruments are employed.

Two stratigraphic sections of carbonate sediments with significant thickness differences and without appreciable tectonic deformation were studied near the trough and on a threshold zone at the Álava Trough. Such characteristics make them appropriate to analyze the influence of a slow progression of the diagenesis over the original clay suite. X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) techniques were applied in natural and alkylammonium-treated samples. Diagenesis slightly modified the clay mineralogy, the disappearance of smectite, and the variation in the content and ordering of the I/S mixed layer, with burial being the most noteworthy process. The total charge in the 2:1 expandable layers of smectite and I/S shows a slight increase, preferentially located on tetrahedral sheets, with depth. The data suggest a moderate diagenesis grade for the studied materials. The combination of techniques allowed identification of several types of detrital micaceous phases, as well-crystallized K-rich micas, Na-K micas, mica-chlorite stacks, and illites, with an expandable behaviour after the alkylammonium treatment. The total charge of illites did not change with diagenesis, suggesting their detrital origin. This research shows that the detrital assemblage masks the diagenetic evolution in the basin, which indicates the importance of the combination of different techniques to infer correctly the diagenetic grade in a sedimentary basin. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government FEDER project CGL 2015-65404-R/BTE, CGL2016-75679-P, by the Basque Government project IT930-16, Research Group RNM-179 of the Junta de Andalucía and the Aragon Government project E18_17R.

Two stratigraphic sections of carbonate sediments with significant thickness differences and without appreciable tectonic deformation were studied near the trough and on a threshold zone at the Álava Trough. Such characteristics make them appropriate to analyze the influence of a slow progression of the diagenesis over the original clay suite. X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) techniques were applied in natural and alkylammonium-treated samples. Diagenesis slightly modified the clay mineralogy, the disappearance of smectite, and the variation in the content and ordering of the I/S mixed layer, with burial being the most noteworthy process. The total charge in the 2:1 expandable layers of smectite and I/S shows a slight increase, preferentially located on tetrahedral sheets, with depth. The data suggest a moderate diagenesis grade for the studied materials. The combination of techniques allowed identification of several types of detrital micaceous phases, as well-crystallized K-rich micas, Na-K micas, mica-chlorite stacks, and illites, with an expandable behaviour after the alkylammonium treatment. The total charge of illites did not change with diagenesis, suggesting their detrital origin. This research shows that the detrital assemblage masks the diagenetic evolution in the basin, which indicates the importance of the combination of different techniques to infer correctly the diagenetic grade in a sedimentary basin. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government FEDER project CGL 2015-65404-R/BTE, CGL2016-75679-P, by the Basque Government project IT930-16, Research Group RNM-179 of the Junta de Andalucía and the Aragon Government project E18_17R.

Intro -- Introduction -- Fault-tolerant control -- Motivation for fault-tolerant control -- Structure of the fault-tolerant control loop -- Fundamental questions -- Literature on fault-tolerant control of discrete event systems modeled by automata -- Literature on controller design -- Literature on fault diagnosis -- Literature on controller reconfiguration -- Literature on integrated fault-tolerant control -- Main contributions of the thesis -- Structure of the thesis -- Formalization of the fault-tolerant control problem -- Notation -- Deterministic I/O automata -- Definition of deterministic I/O automata -- Complementary descriptions for deterministic I/O automata -- Automata graphs -- Properties of deterministic I/O automata -- Plant models -- General assumptions -- Relation between the faultless and the faulty plant -- Error relations -- Models of the faulty plant -- Plant model before and after the occurrence of a fault -- Problem statement -- Control aim: Reaching a desired final state -- Fault-tolerant control problem -- Running example: Automated warehouse -- Tracking control of deterministic I/O automata -- Controllability analysis -- Structure of the tracking controller -- Controller for tracking a reference trajectory -- Definition of the controller -- Controller construction algorithm -- Properties of the controller -- Behavior of the controlled plant -- Planning a reference trajectory -- Fulfillment of the control aim in the closed-loop system -- Complexity of the tracking control method -- Complexity of the controllability analysis -- Complexity of the construction of the tracking controller -- Complexity of the online execution of the control method -- Active fault diagnosis -- Consistency-based fault diagnosis settings -- Testing deterministic I/O automata -- Homing sequences -- Homing tree.