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This book examines advanced approaches to finance infrastructure projects. In doing so, it synthesizes developments and generates new understandings in the field. Infrastructure financing has moved beyond traditional government funding, multilateral assistance, and project finance, to a diverse set of innovative approaches, increasing participation from private, institutional, commercial, and philanthropic investors. Chapters in the book discuss various infrastructure finance themes including the dynamism of project finance, diversification of multilateral assistance into various concessional and guarantee instruments, the surge of green and other thematic bonds, the role of land value capture, funded and unfunded risk mitigation options, growth of private institutional markets, and asset recycling. Given that developments in infrastructure finance are followed by many financial institutions, private developers, public sector policymakers, consulting firms and academic institutions, a researched discussion on the subject will help the readers reflect on, compare and contrast the emerging trends in relation to their practice. Dr. Raghu Dharmapuri Tirumala is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning at the University of Melbourne. His previous appointments include Professor and Director, School of Infrastructure, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, and CEO iDeCK (JV - Government of Karnataka, IDFC and HDFC). Dr. Piyush Tiwari is a Professor of Property in the Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning at the University of Melbourne, Australia. His previous appointment is as Director of Policy at IDFC.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Infrastructure disruptions are a drag on people and economies -- More resilient infrastructure assets pay for themselves -- Making infrastructure more resilient requires a consistent strategy -- Notes -- References -- 1 Resilient Infrastructure: A Lifeline for Sustainable Development -- Objectives of this report -- Structure of the report -- References -- Part I: A Diagnosis: A Lack of Resilient Infrastructure Is Harming People and Firms -- 2 Infrastructure Disruptions Are a Barrier to Thriving Firms -- Infrastructure services enable firms to thrive -- Infrastructure disruptions have direct and real costs for firms -- Firms employ costly measures to cope with unreliability -- Unreliable infrastructure leads to lower productivity -- Notes -- References -- 3 Infrastructure Disruptions Affect the Health and Well-Being of Households -- Infrastructure provides households with essential services -- Power outages directly reduce the well-being of households -- People's health and well-being suffer when the water supply is unreliable -- Transport disruptions lead to lost time, income, and access to services -- Notes -- References -- 4 Natural Shocks Are a Leading Cause of Infrastructure Disruptions and Damages -- The power sector is highly vulnerable to natural hazards -- Water systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change and can contribute to managing floods and droughts -- Natural hazards frequently disrupt and extensively damage transport infrastructure -- When natural shocks disrupt telecommunications systems, whole countries can go offline -- Infrastructure sometimes creates or increases natural risks -- Notes -- References -- 5 From Micro to Macro: Local Disruptions Translate into Macroeconomic Impacts.

Measuring and Improving Infrastructure Performance -- Copyright -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- SOURCE OF THIS STUDY -- THE STUDY'S FOCUS AND LIMITS -- DEFINING INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE -- ASSESSING PERFORMANCE AND DECISION MAKING -- IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- SOURCE AND CONDUCT OF THE STUDY -- INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE AND IMPROVEMENT IN CONTEXT -- THE STUDY'S FOCUS AND SCOPE -- SEEKING REPRESENTATIVE EXPERIENCE -- PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN PRACTICE -- THE REPORT'S STRUCTURE -- NOTES -- 2 INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE AND ITS MEASUREMENT -- THE BASIC CONCEPT OF PERFORMANCE -- PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH OTHER CONCEPTS: NEED, DEMAND, AND BENEFITS -- THE VARIETY OF STAKEHOLDERS -- DIMENSIONS OF EFFECTIVENESS -- DETERMINING WHETHER PERFORMANCE IS "GOOD -- BASES FOR JUDGING GOOD PERFORMANCE -- DIVERGING FROM THE NCPWI'S FRAMEWORK -- NOTES -- 3 THE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT PROCESS -- MOTIVATION -- THE GENERIC PROCESS -- THE RESULTING MEASURES AND THEIR USE -- Planning -- Implementation -- Evaluation -- LEVELS AND PATHWAYS OF PARTICIPATION AND AUTHORITY -- NOTES -- 4 MEASURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE -- TAKING STOCK -- DATA AS A CONCERN -- PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTING PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS -- MEASURES OF RELIABILITY -- MEASURES OF COST -- BENCHMARKS AND STANDARDS FOR ASSESSMENT -- USING PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- NOTES -- 5 INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH PERFORMANCE-BASED MANAGEMENT -- MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES AND VIEWS -- Considering Multiple Objectives -- Considering Multiple Points of View -- DEALING WITH MULTIPLE JURISDICTIONS AND MODES -- UNCERTAINTY AND RISK IN INFRASTRUCTURE DECISION MAKING -- Analytical Methods -- The Matter of Values -- The Role of Regulatory Agencies -- NOTES -- 6 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- HELPING DECISION MAKERS -- IMPROVING PERFORMANCE.

Intro -- NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK CONCEPT AND PROPOSALS -- NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK CONCEPT AND PROPOSALS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK: OVERVIEW AND CURRENT LEGISLATION -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS AN INFRASTRUCTURE BANK? -- NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK BILLS -- S. 652 "Building and Upgrading Infrastructure for Long-Term Development" -- Structure -- Eligible Projects -- Project Selection Criteria -- Financing Packages -- Funding of AIFA -- S. 936 "American Infrastructure Investment Fund Act of 2011" -- Structure -- Eligible Projects and Types of Financing -- AIIF Project Selection Criteria -- Financing Packages -- Funding of AIIF -- H.R. 402 "National Infrastructure Development Bank Act of 2011" -- Structure -- Eligible Projects -- Project Selection Criteria -- Financing Packages -- Funding of NIDB -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Will a Bank Increase Infrastructure Investment? -- Will an Infrastructure Bank Duplicate Existing Programs? -- Will a National Infrastructure Bank Accelerate Investment? -- What Are the Federal Budgetary Implications? -- Can a National Infrastructure Bank Be Financially Self-Sustaining? -- How Will Projects Be Selected? -- How Might an Infrastructure Bank Be Structured? -- How Might an Infrastructure Bank Be Governed? -- APPENDIX A. BACKGROUND ON INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING -- The Federal Role -- Federal Credit Assistance Programs -- Tax-Favored Infrastructure Bonds -- Public-Private Partnerships -- APPENDIX B. PROJECTS ELIGIBLE FOR FINANCING UNDER LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING: STAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON A NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Federal Laws Applying to Wastewater Treatment

In recent decades, resource-rich developing countries have been using their natural resources as collateral to access sources of finance for investment, countervailing the barriers they face when accessing conventional bank lending and capital markets. One of the financing models that have emerged as a result is the Resource Financed Infrastructure (RFI) model, a derivation of previous oil-backed lending models pioneered by several Western banks in Africa. Under a Resource Financed Infrastructure (RFI) arrangement, a loan for current infrastructure construction is securitized against the net present value of a future revenue stream from oil or mineral extraction. The model has been applied in several African countries, for a cumulative contract value of approximately 30 billion, according to publically available sources. This report, consisting of a study prepared by global project finance specialists Hunton & Williams LLP and comments from six internationally reputed economists and policy makers, provides an analytical discussion of resource-financed infrastructure (RFI) contracting from a project finance perspective. The report is meant as a forum for in-depth discussion and as a basis for further research into RFI's role, risks, and potential, without any intention to present a World Bank-supported view on RFI contracting. It is motivated by the conviction that if countries are to continue to either seek RFI or receive unsolicited RFI proposals, there is an onus on public officials to discern bad deals from good, to judge unavoidable trade-offs, and to act accordingly. The report aims to provide a basis for developing insights on how RFI deals can be made subject to the same degree of public policy scrutiny as any other instrument through which a government of a low- or lower-middle-income country might seek to mobilize development finance.

This volume offers an interdisciplinary and global perspective on aspects of security and defence, with a special focus on the protection of social infrastructures in the face of various forms of violence. It examines some multi-faceted solutions and stresses the need to approach the problem from many disciplines. The optimistic conclusion from this work is that there are concrete and specific ways to address conflict and violence, and the importance of being alert in order to prevent their eventual negative consequences.This work integrates and synthesises theory, research, and public policy analysis in an effort to solve the complex questions and problems presented by this topic, and focuses on a range of topics, including militia and police, law, diplomacy, aggression and conflict studies, and psychology. This encourages a broader perspective and thought-process global collaboration and cooperation, and an integrated synthesis of knowledge. It broadens the conceptualisation of the phenomena under discussion and links them with tangible examples.This book represents an important resource for researchers and students of security and defence, violence, and peace, as well as anyone with an interest in studying methods of protecting critical infrastructures and more specifically of probable the most important social infrastructure, the people, reducing the threats of terrorism from a psychological approach

Sustainable infrastructure development is vital for Africa's prosperity. And now is the time to begin the transformation. This volume is the culmination of an unprecedented effort to document, analyze, and interpret the full extent of the challenge in developing Sub-Saharan Africa's infrastructure sectors. As a result, it represents the most comprehensive reference currently available on infrastructure in the region. The book covers the five main economic infrastructure sectors-information and communication technology, irrigation, power, transport, and water and sanitation. Africa's infrastructure sectors lag well behind those of the rest of the world, and the gap is widening. Some of the main-policy-relevant-findings highlighted in the book include the following: infrastructure in the region is exceptionally expensive, with tariffs being many times higher than those found elsewhere. Inadequate and expensive infrastructure is retarding growth by 2 percentage points each year. Solving the problem will cost over US90 billion per year, which is more than twice what is being spent in Africa today.However, money alone is not the answer. Prudent policies, wise management, and sound maintenance can improve efficiency. There is the potential to recover an additional US17 billion a year from within the existing infrastructure resource envelope-simply by improving efficiency.Finally, the power sector and fragile states represent particular challenges. Even if every efficiency in every infrastructure sector could be captured, a substantial funding gap of 31 billion a year would remain. Nevertheless, the African people and economies cannot wait any longer. Now is the time to begin the transformation to sustainable infrastructure development.