Suchergebnisse

The administration of justice has been an historical problem to date. The communal, individual suffering has been the talk of the day. The governance structure from ancient times until date has evolved in many ways, for example the judicial system existed in the ancient era, stands on different footing from the present judicial system. Moving from non-existence of any government to the dictatorship governance, informal institutional structures to formal institutional structures, from customs, traditions and beliefs to the express constitutional and statutory provisions is a milestone which cannot go unnoticed. Despite the facts such development, the question to answer is 'whether the formal judicial interdependence of the day is different from the informal one? To what extent such changes if any has contributed to the shaping of the Kenya's democracy? Whether what seemed to be judicial independent in earlier days is taken to be independent at 21st century? This paper will investigate and find out answers to the mentioned questions including to unveil on whose eyes the judiciary should be seen independent and from whom it will remain independent.? The fundamental rights will stand to be meaningless if there won't be limitations on both the three arms of the Government by an independent institution mandated for that matter (Judiciary). There have been the persistence misuses of the powers by those empowered to execute them whether it was during the time of lawlessness or after the establishment of the written laws.

The administration of justice has been an historical problem to date. The communal, individual suffering has been the talk of the day. The governance structure from ancient times until date has evolved in many ways, for example the judicial system existed in the ancient era, stands on different footing from the present judicial system. Moving from non-existence of any government to the dictatorship governance, informal institutional structures to formal institutional structures, from customs, traditions and beliefs to the express constitutional and statutory provisions is a milestone which cannot go unnoticed. Despite the facts such development, the question to answer is 'whether the formal judicial interdependence of the day is different from the informal one? To what extent such changes if any has contributed to the shaping of the Kenya's democracy? Whether what seemed to be judicial independent in earlier days is taken to be independent at 21st century? This paper will investigate and find out answers to the mentioned questions including to unveil on whose eyes the judiciary should be seen independent and from whom it will remain independent.? The fundamental rights will stand to be meaningless if there won't be limitations on both the three arms of the Government by an independent institution mandated for that matter (Judiciary). There have been the persistence misuses of the powers by those empowered to execute them whether it was during the time of lawlessness or after the establishment of the written laws.

Political transition of post Soeharto's authoritarian regime has been deeply influenced by a decentralised model of governance, which affected to more serious attacks to the journalism works. The extra-judicial killing, physical violence, criminalising against journalism, and other attacks through formal judicial process or other forms, included impunity system, have shown uneasy situation for journalist at field or members of the press to perform journalistic works. Violence against journalists at field in decentralised Indonesia has been more influenced by the role of political-economy contestation at the local level, rather than the influence of situation and policies at national level. The law enforcement to protect journalist at works seems easily deniable and disregarded due to law system itself that does not give significance effect. The court has been used to collapsing media, silencing opposition, retaliating, and terrorising journalism works. My research shows that the most targeted medias for ULAP (unjustifiable lawsuits against press) or criminalisation have been connected to its reliability, professionalism journalistic or high quality of news. On the other side, impunity has prevailed and become a dominant situation that is not merely caused by 'external media' factors, but also showed an 'internal media' factors. Avoiding the judiciary becomes phenomena that does not always relate to distrust over the judicial system, but more on a 'forced situation'. In my presentation, I will show how this situation articulates a new configuration of political imperium which combines of free press and dominant ownership over media, plus illiberal democracy which legally allows and lets predatory system to be supreme class in the governance and other state institutions.

Zakat has not been utilized intensively for the empowerment of mustaḥiq (zakat beneficiaries) in the form of productive economic business. The objective of the research was to analyze the level of mustaḥiqs' business independency; to analyze dominant factors that influenced mustaḥiqs' business independency, and to formulate an appropriate strategy to develop the mustaḥiqs' business independency. The research has been carried out on 254 mustaḥiqs in Bogor Regency (66 mustaḥiqs engaged in vegetable production at Cibungbulang District, 85 mustaḥiqs in skewer business at Tenjolaya District, and 103 mustaḥiqs in shoe business at Taman Sari District). A census sampling, data collection through a questionnaire, an in-depth interview and observation were carried out in 2013. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistically, using structural equation model (SEM). The results of the research showed that: (1) the strategy of mustaḥiq empowerment could be carried out through strengthening the intrinsic motivation, training technical aspects, assisting business capital and assistance. Empowerment can be conducted synergically by the government (arrangement, service, and counseling), private sectors/State Owned Business (BUMN), higher education and community.

AbstractIn arguments for a more tolerant Hobbes, Leviathan's endorsement of "Independency" is often Exhibit A; however, the conditionals Hobbes attached have received little attention. These—and the dangers of "contention" and sectarian "affection" they identify—are essential for understanding Hobbes's views on toleration. Together, they express a vision of "difference without disagreement" in which the accommodation of diversity in religious worship and association depends on the suppression of disagreement through sovereign- and self-discipline over speech. This expressly antievangelical ideal of toleration as a civil silence about difference presents a challenge to the more tolerant Hobbes thesis, particularly in its recent "Erastian Independency" guise. It also raises deeper questions about what might be at stake in applying the labels of "intolerant" or "tolerant" to Hobbes today.

This study aims to analyze the Muhammadiyah social fund and the hierarchy of financial independence of seven its orphanages in the Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. This study utilizes primary data which is obtained from interview, questionnaire, document studies, and observations; and analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process and SWOT approaches. It finds that the orphanages have the same type of fund resources which collected from the donors, namely, permanent donor (the top priority), incidental, social service and government, permanent business, and seasonal business. Meanwhile, the orphanage funds were allocated to the foster children's skill improvement, foster children's tuition fee, orphanages development fund, orphanages activities, kitchen support/daily needs, orphanage's saving/investment and foster children's saving/investment. Four of out seven orphanage funds prior allocation went to the foster children's skill improvement, while the rest, to the orphanage development, foster children's saving/investment, and orphanage's saving/investment. It indicates the dependency of the orphanages financial sources toward the donors, or lacks their own investment, despite some are better-off by starting their own-business. These finding could be benefited for the orphanages in managing the social funds for investment and mapping the potential as well as the development of the orphanage financial independence in their future strategies

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of regional government expenditure on regional autonomy, taking into account indices of social, economic, and ecological resilience within the context of impoverished regions. This study employs panel regression and route analysis techniques to analyze data from 62 districts identified as undeveloped regions in Indonesia throughout the period of 2016–2022. The exogenous factors in this study encompass capital investment, operating expenditure, and balancing funds, whereas the endogenous variable is the village development index. The findings show that (1) capital expenditure, operational expenditure, and balancing funds have an indirect influence on IDM through the economy. (2) Capital expenditure has a negative impact on economic growth because underdeveloped areas are increasingly concentrated in the eastern region and cause economic disparities to grow. (3) Operational expenditure and balancing funds have a positive impact on the regional economy, which also impacts village independence.

In a world order without a sole hegemon, the dialectic relationship between the main global players and emerging powers enables nation-states to strategically favor their national interests as well as mutually beneficial alliances, whilst the multipolar world becomes strengthened. This article draws on this context of 'interdependent hegemony' to explore the existing relationship between Venezuela, as a swing state, and China, as one of the Big Three global powers. Particularly, I focus on Venezuelan efforts to develop, at the domestic and regional level, a counterhegemonic political project against the US and how China is considered a valuable ally to acquire more independence. However, this situation of interdependence can paradoxically lead to a new kind of dependence, in this case on China. To analyze these relations, I propose a conceptual framework consisting of three dimensions: 1) the international positioning towards other Northern and Southern countries and whether the relationship is conceived in terms of conflict or cooperation; 2) the economic model and how it conditions the relationship between countries and whether relationships or dependence are generated; and 3) the development of a political and economic model which can inspire or be followed by other countries. Although China's influence and increasing power in Venezuela is unquestionable in economic terms, the Venezuelan government uses its agreements with China strategically to legitimate its policies, in the name of a South-socialist alternative, and to reaffirm its international positioning.

New decentralization regim implemented since 1 January 2001. Decentralization try to increase the improvement of public services. Based on the statictic data, Java recorded a major contributor to national GDP growth with many challenge on poverty and inequality. Using the share and growth analysis as well as quadrant method, this research tries to provide mapping economy potency and regional independency in Java. From the share analysis, still dominated by provincial government, which the biggest is DKI Jakarta Province. From the smallest share, Gunung Kidul Regency is the weakest independency. Based on growth analysis, Jepara Regency, Tangerang, Ngawi, Mojokerto and Tangsel City became the largest. From the quadrant method, 15 regions are in quadrant I, about 19 other areas are in quadrant II and 37 areas are in quadrant III. And largest part of the Java could classify in quadrant IV. According on these findings, central government must producing several policy to speed up the development regions particularly on all regional in quadrant IV.

Transition from paediatric to adult health care services is a crucial process for young adults with long-term medical conditions and well organized and coordinated transition process has been strongly highlighted. The aims of this research were to assess the young adults with cerebral palsy overall readiness for adult life, the independency in health care management and independency impacting factors. Eighty young adults (age range 16–21 years) with CP and normal or slightly decreased mental function participated. There were done "face-to-face" structured interviews using the Rotterdam Transition Profile and the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire also the characteristics of participants were obtained. It was revealed that young adults with cerebral palsy show low levels of participation in almost all domains of transition to adult life, the level of attendance of rehabilitation services is not sufficient, and the level of independency for young adults with CP in health care management is between phases of preparation and action. The most impacting factor for independency in health care management was found to be the cognitive status.