Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Trajectory and Development of the Middle Income Group -- Consumption and Lifestyle of the Middle Income Group -- Social Security and the Risk Resistance Capacity of the Middle Income Group -- Social and Political Participation of the Middle Income Group -- Mid-Income Groups in Russian Metropolitan Cities.

This paper presents food demand elasticity estimates for the
Pakistan by urban and rural populations by income quartile for thirteen
food groups. Income and price elasticities are estimated using a new
food demand estimation technique based on demand for characteristics.
This new technique requires far less data than the usual econometric
approaches and so may be implemented relatively quickly and
costeffectively. However, the resulting demand elasticity estimates
depend directly on strong a priori assumptions made concerning food
demand behaviour, but assumptions which do not depend on assumptions of
weak or strong separability. Rather quite the opposite assumption is
made - that the marginal rate of substitution'> between two foods
depends directly on the levels of consumption of all other foods. The
paper is organised as follows. The first section provides a brief
overview of the methodology used for undertaking the demand estimations.
The second section discusses the-data used for these estimations and
food consumption patterns. The third section presents the demand
elasticity estimates.

Taking the data for 17 Indian states for the period running 1991–2017, the study investigates relationship between infrastructure and manufacturing value added at the overall as well as segregated levels to study the spatial differences. Preliminary tests of cross-section dependence point to the existence of dependence among the cross sections after which second-generation testing procedures are applied. Spatial differential impact of infrastructure on the performance of manufacturing activity is estimated using fixed/random effect modelling. The empirical results show that infrastructure index exerts positive and significant impact on the manufacturing performance with estimate of 0.20 for all states in India and 0.49 for high-income states. Similarly, individual components of infrastructure influence manufacturing activity differently. Road infrastructure is influencing manufacturing performance negatively in high-income states while it is positive for other states; teledensity exerts positive influence in case of middle-income states while the impact is negative in case of low-income states. Dumitrescu and Hurlin's causality test shows bidirectional causality from infrastructure to manufacturing output. JEL Codes: D02, E62, H54, L94, L96

This study attempts to analyse the relation of ecological footprint (EF) and air pollutants—CO2, N2O, SO2 and CH4—with economic growth, urbanisation, foreign direct investment and energy consumption through environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework by employing fixed/random effect model. It involves a panel of 55 selected countries from several income groups—high, middle and low—covering the period 1990–2018. A theoretical approach has been developed to analyse the pollution intensity of population, based on decomposition analysis coherent with application of the notion of Kaya identity. The results confirmed the existence of inverted U-shaped relationship for EF and SO2 in all types of countries. The pollutants—CO2, N2O and CH4—exhibit inverse U-shaped EKC in middle- and low-income countries. Only for high-income countries, N2O model detects the existence of U-shaped curve. The study suggests that reconsideration of some economic and environmental policies is necessary to mitigate environmental degradation issues. JEL Codes: Q54, O4, O21, Q43, Q56

The affordability to own a home among the urban middle-income group has been getting much attention from various parties in Malaysia. Various policies and strategies have been introduced by the government to increase homeownership among Malaysians. However, this issue has not been solved comprehensively until today. This article discusses the multi-dimensional impacts of the unaffordability to own a home among the urban middle-income group in the state of Penang. A qualitative study was conducted through an in-depth interview method with 30 urban middle-income earners in Penang. Data obtained from the interview was analysed using the content analysis method. The initial results of the study show four main dimensions of the impacts due to the unaffordability to own a home among the urban middle-income group: personal, geographical, financial, and physical. The implication of this study is the necessity to apply a multi-dimensional approach in analysing the homeownership affordability issues among the urban middle-income group so that these issues can be resolved more effectively. This approach is in tandem with the sustainable development approach which emphasizes the balance between economic, social, and environmental aspects of human lives. This comprehensive approach can help to formulate more conclusive housing policies and strategies in the future.

Violent video games have been linked to being one of the causes for increased aggressive behaviour and juvenile crimes in many developed and developing societies. This exploratory study investigates the effects of high income and gender on playing violent video games in Malaysia, and how it results in poor academic performance amongst secondary school children. This is a case study for other middle income nations in Southeast Asia, which also have strong Eastern cultural and religious beliefs. Contrary to earlier findings, the results indicated that boys from higher income backgrounds had a higher propensity for playing violent video games than adolescents from lower income backgrounds. The same effect though, is not manifested on adolescent girls. Nevertheless, playing violent video games was positively related to trait aggressive and negatively to academic performance in both the sexes. Our findings shed new light on socio-economic and demographic factors influencing violent video gaming, offering insights to both policy-makers and theoreticians in researching gaming effects.