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AbstractThe article presents relations between environmental metrics and water temperature in small Polish lowland rivers and describes their spatial temperature patterns. Water temperature data was obtained from measurements conducted on nine sites during summer of 2015 with the use of digital data loggers. Selected environmental metrics in the catchments areas were calculated and correlated with water temperature parameters. The results showed that water temperature patterns were generally similar across catchments, except for sites with strong human influence, which caused a decrease in the number and power of statistically significant relationships between environmental metrics and water temperature parameters. The best‐explained water temperature parameter was the minimum and mean daily range, while the best environmental predictors were the Strahler order, catchment area, mean catchment elevation and forested area. Most of the relations proved to be theoretically justified and could be used to further improve temperature monitoring studies and the management of water resources.

Physiological responses to work in cold water have been well studied but little is known about the effects of exercise in warm water; an overlooked but critical issue for certain military, scientific, recreational, and professional diving operations. This investigation examined core temperature responses to fatiguing, fully-immersed exercise in extremely warm waters. Twenty-one male U.S. Navy divers (body mass, 87.3 ± 12.3 kg) were monitored during rest and fatiguing exercise while fully-immersed in four different water temperatures (Tw): 34.4, 35.8, 37.2, and 38.6°C (Tw(34.4), Tw(35.8), Tw(37.2), and Tw(38.6) respectively). Participants exercised on an underwater cycle ergometer until volitional fatigue or core temperature limits were reached. Core body temperature and heart rate were monitored continuously. Trial performance time decreased significantly as water temperature increased (Tw(34.4), 174 ± 12 min; Tw(35.8), 115 ± 13 min; Tw(37.2), 50 ± 13 min; Tw(38.6), 34 ± 14 min). Peak core body temperature during work was significantly lower in Tw(34.4) water (38.31 ± 0.49°C) than in warmer temperatures (Tw(35.8), 38.60 ± 0.55°C; Tw(37.2), 38.82 ± 0.76°C; Tw(38.6), 38.97 ± 0.65°C). Core body temperature rate of change increased significantly with warmer water temperature (Tw(34.4), 0.39 ± 0.28°C·h(−1); Tw(35.8), 0.80 ± 0.19°C·h(−1); Tw(37.2), 2.02 ± 0.31°C·h(−1); Tw(38.6), 3.54 ± 0.41°C·h(−1)). Physically active divers risk severe hyperthermia in warmer waters. Increases in water temperature drastically increase the rate of core body temperature rise during work in warm water. New predictive models for core temperature based on workload and duration of warm water exposure are needed to ensure warm water diving safety.