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This study proposes a systematic approach for investigators to judge how architecture of a given cultural group can be considered as culturally identifiable. More specifically, it proposes the steps in unveiling the relationships between chosen core elements of cultural distinctness and various design patterns. The suggested sources of core elements are political, social/behavioral, and economic influences on architectural design and approaches to create architectural signs. It is presupposed that a design pattern is considered culturally identifiable when important core elements are communicated via noticeable signs. The communication is perceived from a semiotic analogy of architectural signs, whereby the importance of one core element over the other is identified by the investigator through research into the cultural context under study. A case study on China's architecture is presented to illustrate these steps and test the proposed hypotheses. The steps are so designed that testing the relevance of core elements to architectural signs is essential. Forty-six sample buildings selected from China served as stimulus materials in the case study. These building patterns were rated as different types of signs on the basis of the core elements elicited from China's present-day culture. These buildings also were judged in a survey by forty-four Chinese students and their spouses at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University who represent samples of overseas Chinese laypersons. The findings show that survey results deviated significantly from the semiotic results as laypersons considered traditional architecture most representative of Chinese identity. The semiotic results show that culturally identifiable designs are the hybrid forms of traditional and modern architecture. Most laypersons ignored the relationships between their perception of distinct identity in architecture and core elements of economic meanings and sign-creation approaches. This deviation implies a significant cultural lag in perceiving distinct identity between professionals and laypersons, and led to modification of the presupposed hierarchical importance of core elements. Through the case study and findings, this research illustrates the procedure by which investigators can determine from a specific range of cultural elements the most effective means of communication of identity. It enables the inclusion of core elements of popular culture in comparing various design patterns and in differentiating built forms of one culture from that of others. The study ends with the factors and suggestions that are related to communication of Chinese identity in architecture. ; Ph. D.

A cyber security application in Personally identifiable information) PII is attracting more and more attention and related to majority people's everyday activities. The paper is introduced the trends of cyber security in cloud computing and in particular, focus on the responsibility of data privacy, especially in European Union countries. As the impact is on data protection which includes organisation based in the union, or has branches in the union or provides services to the union residents. The paper is also introduced the updated recent development content in our society which caused the impact that we have to deliver ISO standards; for instance, ISO/IEC 27018 and so on. A consequence of the standard is that regular practices of risk assessment need to be carried out in a regular base; such as an annually assessment. Keywords- Data protection, personal privacy, cryptography, cloud computing, cyber security, security policy, Trustworthiness, data service, personally identifiable information (PII), and ISO 27018

Intro -- PERSONAL IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION AND DATA BREACHES -- PERSONAL IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION AND DATA BREACHES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 DATA BREACH NOTIFICATION∗ -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATION FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- LIST OF REQUESTERS -- APPENDIX I: BRIEFING TO STAFF OF CONGRESSIONAL REQUESTERS -- INTRODUCTION -- OBJECTIVE, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- DATA BREACH NOTIFICATION LESSONS LEARNED -- Rapid Internal Notification -- Core Decision-Making Group -- Obtaining Contact Information -- Credit Monitoring -- Interaction with the Public -- Internal Training and Awareness -- Contractor Responsibilities -- CONCLUSIONS -- AGENCY COMMENTS -- RECOMMENDATION -- ATTACHMENT I: SUMMARY OF DATA BREACHES AT FIVE AGENCIES -- Agriculture (USDA) -- Department of Defense (Navy) -- Education -- Health and Human Services (HHS) -- Transportation -- APPENDIX II: COMMENTS FROM THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET -- APPENDIX III: COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS -- REFERENCES -- Appendixes -- Chapter 2 USE OF DATA FROM INFORMATION RESELLERS∗ -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- Federal Laws and Guidance Govern Use of Personal Information in Federal Agencies -- The Fair Information Practices Are Widely Agreed to Be Key Principles for Privacy Protection -- AGENCIES USED GOVERNMENTWIDE CONTRACTS TO OBTAIN PERSONAL INFORMATION FROM INFORMATION RESELLERS FOR A VARIETY OF PURPOSES -- DOJ and DHS Used Information Resellers Primarily for Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism -- SSA and State Used Information Resellers Primarily for Fraud Prevention and Detection.

AbstractThis study focuses on victim‐offender dialogue files archived by Ohio's Office of Victim Services (OVS). The OVS director was interested in knowing why only one in four initiated dialogue files complete actual face‐to‐face dialogue. Victim offender dialogue programs based on restorative justice theory have been shown to increase victim and offender satisfaction, decrease offender recidivism, and increase the rate of restitution. An archived data analysis on a sample (N = 212) of OVS completed and will‐not‐proceed files revealed offender race did not have a significant effect on dialogue completion rate. However, victim sex was found to have a significant effect on dialogue completion. Included are descriptive analyses of victims' stated motivations for seeking dialogue. Victims who state specific motivations for participation in dialogue were no more likely to complete dialogue than those who did not. Results lead to several suggestions regarding other uses of restorative dialogue in the contexts of severe crime and felonies.

Attitudes towards rape victims were investigated as a function of the rater's sex, the rated individual's sex, and victim versus non-victim status. Student subjects (72 male, 72 female) were given a disguised questionnaire, and required to rate a profiled person (John'
or `Carol on 12 evaluative traits (both positive and negative) using a 7-point scale, under male profile/female profile and victim/non-victim conditions. The subjects also rated themselves on 60 sex role traits, using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Finally, they indicated briefly
their perception of the major influence controlling the rated individual's life situation. The results showed three main trends: (1) a `sympathy effect' (i.e. more positive rating of the profiled person) occurred for female victims, with both male and female raters; (2) masculine
and undifferentiated raters showed a sympathy effect whereas feminine and androgynous subjects did not; (3) victims were attributed an internal locus of causality significantly more often than were non-victims, especially by male raters.

Ethnicity is frequently posited as an important factor in civil violence and other political contexts. Despite the attention that ethnicity receives, its effects depend on an important, but mostly ignored, assumption that ethnicity is identifiable within and across groups. There is likely considerable variation in peoples' abilities to identify each other. Certain individuals within groups might be better at identifying others' ethnicities; further, different types of information might aid identification better. We contend that the strength of an individual's ethnic identity influences her ability to identify others correctly. We test this argument using an experiment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in which individuals attempted to identify members of the major black ethnic groups. We find that the average individual struggles to identify ethnicity correctly in many conditions. Individuals with a stronger identity, however, are often better at correctly identifying the ethnicity of others relative to the average individual. When receiving contradictory information, individuals with stronger identities were sometimes deceived more easily than others. These results have implications for a diverse set of studies relying on the identifiability assumption. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.]

Ethnicity is frequently posited as an important factor in civil violence and other political contexts. Despite the attention that ethnicity receives, its effects depend on an important, but mostly ignored, assumption that ethnicity is identifiable within and across groups. There is likely considerable variation in peoples' abilities to identify each other. Certain individuals within groups might be better at identifying others' ethnicities; further, different types of information might aid identification better. We contend that the strength of an individual's ethnic identity influences her ability to identify others correctly. We test this argument using an experiment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in which individuals attempted to identify members of the major black ethnic groups. We find that the average individual struggles to identify ethnicity correctly in many conditions. Individuals with a stronger identity, however, are often better at correctly identifying the ethnicity of others relative to the average individual. When receiving contradictory information, individuals with stronger identities were sometimes deceived more easily than others. These results have implications for a diverse set of studies relying on the identifiability assumption.