Suchergebnisse

This paper analyses the decentralization of decisionmaking in aid-giving in a theoretical rent-seeking framework. In this analysis the root donor establishes a necessary criterion for potential recipients: good governance. The potential recipients compete in hierarchal contests for funds. The paper investigates whether, under certain reasonable conditions, fashionable aid procedures will lead to the development of a poverty trap.

This paper proposes a solution to the hold‐up problem for situations where a seller interacts with several parties who have a common interest in inducing the seller to make a quality‐enhancing investment. Since parties can observe purchase decisions, they are able to add a clause to the contract specifying that an extra payment should be made to the seller, conditional on verifiable previous purchases. Since previous purchases depend on observable but not verifiable quality, this 'conditional multilateral contract' provides correct incentives to restore efficiency, and is feasible in the context of both, complete and incomplete information.

What affects a country's decision of whether to formally engage in a trade dispute directly related to its exporting interests? This article empirically examines determinants of affected country participation decisions in formal trade litigation arising under the World Trade Organization (WTO) between 1995 and 2000. It investigates determinants of nonparticipation and examines whether the incentives generated by the system's rules and procedures discourage active engagement in dispute settlement by developing country members in particular. Though the size of exports at stake is found to be an important economic determinant affecting the decision to participate in challenges to a WTO-inconsistent policy, the evidence also shows that measures of a country's retaliatory and legal capacity as well as its international political economy relationships matter. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of an implicit 'institutional bias' generated by the system's rules and incentives that particularly affects developing economy participation in dispute settlement.

The history of Cold War espionage-KGB vs. CIA-remains incomplete, full of inaccuracies, and cries out for correction. It received a big infusion after 1991 by the opening of some files from both East and West, but that left the more biting questions unanswered-like those pertaining to still-unknown moles inside Western governments and intelligence services. Those undiscovered traitors still hover like ghosts over that history. Adapted from the source document.

Whether research is used or not and how it is used is only partly in the control of researchers and is closely related to the politics of the research situation. I suggest that researchers may increase their ability to influence debate by making the politics of the situation part of their research. In this case study, public discourse on the issue of 'alcohol- in-society' is analysed in the context of the interest groups involved, the theoretical positions they held, and the use they made of research in relation to those positions. Although the interest groups showed some shifting alliances, depending on the issue being addressed, there was a demarcation between two main theoretical positions: the one locating alcohol problems with a minority of alcohol abusers; the other locating problems with the product itself, and hence, with its normal use. Research was used to support and to refute both positions. The debate took place in the context of folk wisdom about alcohol and its effects, and in an arena where the stakes are high.

Notary protocol is part of the notary office administration which has a very important function and role so that notaries can carry out their positions properly. Notary protocol is a collection of documents constituting state archives which must be kept and maintained by a notary in accordance with statutory regulations. This research raises the formulation of the problem as follows: 1) What are the rights and obligations of the notary holder of the Protocol in providing a copy of the deed to interested parties? 2) What is the legal consequence, for the Notary holding the protocol in issuing a copy of the deed, whose minimum document is not fully signed by the parties, and/or witnesses, and/or the Notary Public? This research uses normative legal research, because there is a vacuum of norms regarding the Rights and Obligations of Notary Protocol Holders in Providing Copies of Deeds to Interested Parties. Research using this normative juridical method using the statutory approach, the Conceptual Approach and the Case Approach. Legal materials used are primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. An analysis of legal materials is also carried out using several analysis techniques, namely: identifying facts, collecting legal materials, analyzing legal issues, arguing, and providing prescriptions. The results of this study indicate that the Rights and Obligations of the Notary Public Protocol Holder in Providing Copies of Deed to Interested Parties, the Notary is entitled to receive honoraria for legal services rendered to interested parties, both the parties and one of the parties. The amount of honorarium for the notary holder of the protocol is not specified in the applicable regulations, this usually refers to the type of deed he makes.