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This study analyses the long- and short-term dynamics of the determinants of insurance penetration for the period 1999Q1 to 2019Q4 in 15 West African countries. The panel auto regressive distributed lag model was used on the quarterly data gathered. A cointegrating and short-run momentous connection was discovered between insurance penetration along with the independent variables, which were education, productivity, dependency, inflation and income. The error correction term's significance and negative sign demonstrate that all variables are heading towards long-run equilibrium at a moderate speed of 56.4%. This further affirms that education, productivity, dependency, inflation and income determine insurance penetration in West Africa in the long run. In addition, the short-run causality revealed that all the pairs of regressors could jointly cause insurance penetration. The findings of this study recommend that the economy-wide policies by the government and the regulators of insurance markets in these economies should be informed by these significant factors. The restructuring of the education sector to ensure finance-related modules cut across every faculty in the higher education sector is also recommended. Furthermore, Bancassurance is also recommended to boost the easy penetration of the insurance sector using the relationship with the banking sector as a pathway.

A thrust on insurance‐financed health systems may reduce Out‐of‐pocket health spending. But health insurance penetration among Indian elderly is abysmally low. In this context, the paper intends to examine the factors affecting demand for various types of insurances among Indian elderly. Data were drawn from 71st round (2014–15) "Key Consumption: Health" household survey data collected by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), Government of India. A total number of 27,245 older adults were selected for this study. In addition to basic descriptive statistics, we employ logistic regression models to conduct the econometric analysis. Socioeconomic, health‐related and contextual predictors are considered in this study. The results show that the probability of health insurance coverage among elderly significantly depends on income, education, disease types, caste, family size, and most importantly, social relationships. The underprivileged groups have higher likelihood to be covered by government‐funded insurance, while the older people with higher income and education, having spouses and less number of children, and residing in urban areas have a higher likelihood of purchasing private health insurance. The study identified the factors responsible for low demand for health insurance among elderly. The study suggests the expansion of private insurance network, especially, in the underserved rural areas, along with generating financial awareness among the elderly. The study also suggests an inclusive model of health insurance demand, which may be adopted by future empirical studies to find out the significant factors affecting health insurance demand.

After the last Champions' meeting in April, an expert-level group consisting of donors, insurers and international financial institutions was formed to act on the decision to undertake joint work to scale up disaster risk insurance in lower income countries. Seven countries were selected: Bangladesh, Ghana, Haiti, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania and Vietnam. The World Bank/Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GDFRR) led in preparing country scoping studies with inputs from the group. These were summarized in a set of country notes. From the country scoping studies, the expert-level group proposes that Kenya, Bangladesh and Senegal are selected for the next phase. This will involve confirming the interest and commitment of the governments to engage in this initiative and undertaking field visits to conduct more detailed, in-country assessment to identify opportunities for scaling up insurance in support of building resilience. Each assessment will result in a recommended program of investment to stimulate insurance scale up. This will include recommendations on how to improve the coordination of existing efforts, how to fill gaps (such as continued investment in market infrastructure), how to scale up pilot initiatives and how to better link insurance solutions to existing financial products (such as credit) and social protection programs. By early 2014, the assessments will be completed. By April 2014, the recommended program of investment for each country will be presented to the donor and insurance community involved in this Political Champions' initiative for their consideration and commitment of support.

The main objective of the present survey is to outline the state of the insurance market in Bulgaria and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Emphasis is placed on the state and development of premium income, insurance penetration and insurance density. Some theoretical statements in the field of the insurance sector are also outlined. It was found that the pace of the development of the indicators "insurance penetration" and "insurance density" in Bulgaria is significantly lagging behind that of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

There is a striking difference between developed and developing nations in terms of general insurance penetration and density. It was highest for United States in 2008. It was very closely followed by Switzerland. In fact, General insurance density and penetration both has always been high for these two countries. In this way, these two countries can be regarded as the world leader in general insurance industry. General insurance penetration has not shown much change over the years. For developed countries the average General insurance penetration for 2008 was 3.40 while that of developing nations was just 2.90. Also, there have been no major changes in these values since 2001. Among developing countries, South Africa and Taiwan are fast gaining momentum. Russia is also a close competitor in terms of general insurance penetration. In the Indian sub-continent, it is Sri Lanka that has shown the maximum general insurance penetration and density. India is the next in the rank.

In the Union Budget 2014-15 on July 10, 2014, Finance Minister has proposed to increase the foreign direct investment (FDI) limit in the insurance sector, up to 49% from 26% with full Indian management and control through the FIPB route. However, it is not clear about how foreign investment promotion board (FIPB) will consider the proposal for approval of the extra 23% foreign investment in a company. In our view, this may happen in two scenarios: first, dis-investment of the Indian promoters stake to 51% from 74%; or Second, by keeping the Indian promoters stake at present level (in amount), but enhance the foreign investments, so that the new ratio of domestic and foreign insurer stake would be at 51:49. In this paper, we have estimated the amount of capital may flows into the sector through foreign investments. We feel the first scenario may not an ideal and Government may favour the second scenario, i.e., to issue of fresh shares for extra foreign investments, rather than sale of shares by domestic promoters. In this scenario, the estimated results indicates that the insurance companies may receive around `14,719 crore ($2.5 billion, assuming $1 is `60) of additional foreign investment due to increase in FDI limit. However, if Government would allow to the domestic promoters to divest their stake (first scenario) in the insurance companies, it is estimated that a maximum of `7,000-`7,500 crore additional investments may flows to the industry, through foreign investments. In both the scenario, it is acknowledged that the move may provide huge capital support to the insurers through foreign investments, which would lead to product innovation, better customer service mechanism and higher insurance penetration in the country. The increasing FDI in insurance may also help to meet the infrastructural needs of the economy, which is estimated at $1.2 trillion in the 12th Plan. Additionally, to boost financial savings, Government also raised the 80C investment cap to `1.5 lakh from `1 lakh, which may help the insurers to tap the new business, which is declining in the last 2-years.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing penetration of micro-insurance in Ethiopian insurance companies. The study adopts a cross-sectional quantitative technique with descriptive and analytical design based on primary data sampled using non probability sampling from 110 executive managements of five insurance companies providing microinsurance and nine years data from the same companies. Five (5) key factors affecting microinsurance penetration in Ethiopia are identified. The Multiple Linear regression model was used for analyising regression results and all relevant diagnostic tests were conducted to validate results. Empirical investigation using the Multiple Linear regression model indicates client awareness, income Level and trust having positive and significant impact on microinsurance penetration rate. Whereas product Price of microinsurance have negative and significant impact on microinsurance penetration rate. The study therefore recommends, amongst other things, intensive awareness creation campaign by all stakeholders about microinsurance product and its benefit among low income people, setting price that does not compromise the ability of clients to pay for essential items such as food and shelter, build trust and provide incentive like tax exemption on microinsurance transaction for provider and put coercive low for non provider to participate in providing microinsurance products taking in to consideration the double advantages that it has in protecting the poor from unexpected loss and alleviating poverty. In addition the government must integrate micro insurance program into its grand strategy in poverty reduction and Growth and transformation plan in striving to become middle income country by 2025.

In Indian economy health insurance is one of the growing segment, 1.4% of India's gross domestic product was spent in the health sector in 2017-18 and India's per capita public spending on health increased from ₹621 (2009-10) to ₹ 1,112 (2015-16), in comparison to the US and UK which spent $4802 and $3500 respectively. 58 Insurance Companies offer health Insurance plans in India along with this Government is also taking many initiatives like "Ayushman Bharat Mission" health insurance scheme to improve the health of Indian population. Despite this health insurance penetration is very low in India. This study is mainly focused on challenges faced by health insurance segment and growth opportunities for health insurance service providers. At the end it is concluded that delay in claim settlement, high claim ratio, low awareness etc. are the main challenges faced by health insurance companies. Companies also focus on new opportunities like tie-up with new channel partners (Amazon, Policy Bazaar); innovative Schemes, complete online services that will help to increase the number of customers. Companies should try to adopt new advertisement campaigns with new models to provide knowledge towards the key benefits of health insurance policies.

Opening up of the financial sector is one of the financial reforms which the government was to implement as an integral part of structural reforms and stabilization process of the economy. Insurance has a very important role in this process. The opening of the insurance market to private players and a conversion of a monopolistic market to a liberalized one has transferred the insurance industry in India. General insurance is one of the important parts of our financial system. The general insurance industry in India is now facing tremendous competition when many of the private sector insurance companies have entered in the insurance business. In these circumstances an attempt has been made to study the impact of privatization on general insurance industry in India. The present study evaluates the current situation of general insurance sector in India. This study is basically intended to analyze the growth of general insurance sector in India during the post privatisation period. Meanwhile the study focuses on financial performance of private and public general insurers before and after privatisation, to draw policy recommendations and make suggestions for enhancing the present status of general insurance companies in India. The study is basically descriptive in nature and it is based on secondary data collected from the reports published by IRDA and the websites.