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The aim of the article is to investigate the issue of hockey diplomacy between Canada and the Soviet Union, which was held in 1970s. It encompassed a series of exhibition matches in ice hockey, which were directly aimed to improve relations between the two states belonging to different Cold War alliances. In the article an attempt to verify a number of hypotheses was made. According to the main one, the hockey exchanges were in fact a fusion of positive and negative sports diplomacy. The second hypothesis states that hockey diplomacy was at the same time an effect and a tool of Canadian and Soviet desire to better their bilateral relations, while according to the last one, selection of ice hockey was adequate concerning the diplomatic objective of political rapprochement.

The aim of the article is to investigate the issue of hockey diplomacy between Canada and the Soviet Union, which was held in 1970s. It encompassed a series of exhibition matches in ice hockey, which were directly aimed to improve relations between the two states belonging to different Cold War alliances. In the article an attempt to verify a number of hypotheses was made. According to the main one, the hockey exchanges were in fact a fusion of positive and negative sports diplomacy. The second hypothesis states that hockey diplomacy was at the same time an effect and a tool of Canadian and Soviet desire to better their bilateral relations, while according to the last one, selection of ice hockey was adequate concerning the diplomatic objective of political rapprochement.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 Canada and Public Diplomacy: The Road to Reputational Security -- 2 "We're Back": Re-imagining Public Diplomacy in Canada -- Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs -- A Short History of Canadian Foreign Policy -- Prime Minister Harper and the Dismantling of Canada's (Modest) Public Diplomacy Infrastructure -- The Trudeau Government, Canadian Values, and Public Diplomacy -- Conclusions -- 3 Is Canada "Back"? Engineering a Diplomatic and International Policy Renaissance -- The Way We Were -- Reaping the Whirlwind -- Not the Same Old, Same Old… -- Making Diplomacy Job One -- A Seven-Point Plan -- Articulation of a New Mandate and Mission -- Identification of Strategic Priorities and Interests -- Cultural Transformation -- Organizational Flattening -- Tapping New Networks -- Flexible Overseas Representation -- Enlightened Diplomatic Practice -- New Day or False Dawn? -- New Policy Directions? -- Getting There -- 4 Three Cheers for "Diplomatic Frivolity": Canadian Public Diplomacy Embraces the Digital World -- Public Diplomacy: Concept and Practice -- The Changing Context: Trends and Actors -- Web 2.0 Diplomacy: A New Public Diplomacy for the Twenty-First Century? -- The Digital Dimension of Canada's Public Diplomacy -- Branding a Hockey-Playing, Tweeting Canadian Ambassador in Austria34 -- Making Canadian Waves in China: Canadian Twitter Diplomacy on Weibo -- Direct Diplomacy Towards Iran Through Social Media -- What Does Digital Diplomacy Portend for the Future of Canada's Public Diplomacy? -- Lesson 1: The Mode of Delivery-Moving Away from Broadcast to Collaboration -- Lesson 2: Posting the Right Type of Content -- Lesson 3: The Tribulations of Evaluating Digital Diplomacy -- Conclusion -- 5 Bridging the 49th Parallel: A Case Study in Art as Cultural Diplomacy.

The Olympics is not merely a major sporting event in the world. However, the Olympics are also a means of diplomacy and as an intermediary for dialogue and building harmonious relations between countries in the world. Through Sport Diplomacy, sport becomes an arena for creating peace. In 1971 sport was used as a tool to reduce conflict between China and America. In 1972 hockey diplomacy also succeeded in creating harmony between Canada and the Soviet Union, and in 2011 cricket diplomacy became a catalyst for improving geopolitical relations between Pakistan and India. Reflecting on this in 2018, South Korea which was appointed to host the Winter Olympics tried to take advantage of this momentum to build harmonious relations with North Korea and create peace on the Korean Peninsula through four mechanisms: Image-building, building a platform dialogue, trust building , Reconciliation, integration and anti-racism

On the still divided Joseon peninsula, a united Korean women's ice hockey team competed at the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. Only a few months later, the French, Croatian and Russian heads of state quite literally invited themselves on to the winners' podium at the 2018 FIFA men's World Cup in Moscow. Such conspicuous examples are emblematic of the role of modern sport in the realm of international relations.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction. Competing in the Global Arena: Sport and Foreign Relations since 1945 -- Part 1. Alliance Politics -- 1. "A Game of Political Ice Hockey": NATO Restrictions on East German Sport Travel in the Aftermath of the Berlin Wall -- 2. Steadfast Friendship and Brotherly Help: The Distinctive Soviet-East German Sport Relationship within the Socialist Bloc -- 3. Welcoming the "Third World": Soviet Sport Diplomacy, Developing Nations, and the Olympic Games -- Part 2. The Decolonizing World -- 4. Forging Africa-Caribbean Solidarity within the Commonwealth? Sport and Diplomacy during the Anti-apartheid Campaign -- 5. Peronism, International Sport, and Diplomacy -- 6. A More Flexible Domination: Franco-African Sport Diplomacy during Decolonization, 1945-1966 -- Part 3. East-West Rivalries -- 7. The Cold War Games of a Colonial Latin American Nation: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1966 -- 8. "Our Way of Life against Theirs": Ice Hockey and the Cold War -- 9. "Fuzz Kids" and "Musclemen": The US-Soviet Basketball Rivalry, 1958-1975 -- 10. The White House Games: The Carter Administration's Efforts to Establish an Alternative to the Olympics -- Part 4. Sport as Public Diplomacy -- 11. Reclaiming the Slopes: Sport and Tourism in Postwar Austria -- 12. Politics First, Competition Second: Sport and China's Foreign Diplomacy in the 1960s and 1970s -- 13. Reds, Revolutionaries, and Racists: Surfing, Travel, and Diplomacy in the Reagan Era -- Conclusion. Fields of Dreams and Diplomacy -- Acknowledgments -- Selected Bibliography -- List of Contributors -- Index -- Studies in Conflict, Diplomacy, and Peace -- Books in the Series.

The guest editors for this special issue ofUrban Historyare both Canadian, and for many Canadians the hottest conflict of the Cold War might have been the 1972 'Summit Series', eight hockey games played between the Russian Red Army team and an all-star cast of Canadian professionals. Without delving into the sporting glories of the series (Canada won it, four games to three, with one tie), we can aver that the event was as much about diplomacy, national identity and political-economic rivalry in the context of the Cold War as it was about skating and scoring.

My research examined American attitudes towards the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc at the 1960, Squaw Valley Winter Olympics. This includes the press" prevailing attitude in its depictions of American and western European athletes, versus those of Eastern European athletes. Parallels between these and the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Games are of especial import; a Cold War era Olympics, on American soil, pitting American capitalism against Soviet communism, where the underdog Americans score an ice hockey victory over the Soviets en route to a gold medal. In 1980 the ice hockey competition was highly politicized, and historians have devoted increasing attention to how nation states have used sport as a means of justifying national ideologies. Yet in 1960, the same result met little fanfare, and no attention from historians. My research also examined the American government"s attitudes towards Soviet Russia to help explain this disconnect. I found that the Soviet Union was at this time making a concerted effort, through diplomacy and sport, to be more conciliatory to the U.S. The American public and government recognized this, and the generally harmonious spirit of the "60 Winter Games is attributable to this fact. The political environment surrounding these games, then, allowed them to be played only in the sporting arena, and not as much in the political arena. This research is based on relevant secondary monographs and articles which explore the rise of international, state-driven sport beginning with the modern Olympics; sport and international politics in the 20th Century, especially as it pertains to competition between and among capitalism, communism, and fascism; the importance of pageantry and glorification to competing and hosting Olympic nations; the 1980 Olympic hockey competition, and nationalistic bias in Olympic figure skating judging. It is also based on examination of government documents, the Final Report of the VIII Winter Olympic Games, and a variety of contemporary newspapers and mass-circulation magazines such as Sports Illustrated and Time.

Introduction: Russia's Cultural Statecraft -- Higher Education as a Tool for Cultural Statecraft? -- Fine Arts and International Relations: Russian Museum Diplomacy -- Forging Common History: Russia's Cultural Statecraft and the Soviet Second World War Monuments in Europe -- 'Russian literature will fix everything': The Read Russia Project and Cultural Statecraft -- The Future State: Russian Cinema and Neoliberal Cultural Statecraft -- Soviet Legacies and Global Contexts: Classical Music and Russia's Cultural Statecraft -- Stagecraft in the Service of Statecraft? Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest -- International Events in the Service of Cultural Statecraft: The Sochi Olympics and the World Festival of Youth and Students -- Sport as Cultural Statecraft: Russia and the Kontinental Hockey League -- In Search of Past Glory: Russia's Cultural Statecraft in the Age of Decline.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 The Huddled Masses -- Introduction -- Immigration and the Emergence of Modern Sport in America -- Basketball and Urban Space -- Jack Johnson and the Global Business of Boxing -- American Football, Collegiate Athletics, and the Amateur Sport Movement -- America and the Modern Olympic Movement -- Pierre de Coubertin and the 1896 Revival of the Olympic Games -- The 1900 Olympic Games in Paris -- The 1904 Games and the St. Louis World's Fair -- Olympic Fatigue, European Rivalry, and the 1908 London Games -- Melting Pot Athletes and the 1912 Stockholm Games -- Baseball and American Empire -- Foreigners to Fans -- Cannons in the Outfield -- Baseball's World Tours -- Conjuring the National Pastime -- Notes -- Athlete Spotlight #1: Jim Thorpe -- 2 In Service of the State -- Introduction -- The Growing Business of Baseball -- Babe Ruth and the New Sport Media -- The Negro Leagues and Baseball's Continued Growth Abroad -- Professionalization in Other Corners of US Sport -- Professional Football, Hockey, and Basketball in Interwar America -- Re-Professionalizing Boxing in the Nativist 1920s and 1930s -- The Olympics and War -- Olympic Growth in the 1920s and 1930s -- Hitler, Jesse Owens, and the 1936 Berlin Olympics -- US Sport in the Second World War -- Notes -- Athlete Spotlight #2: Babe Didrikson Zaharias -- 3 The Dawn of the Activist Athlete -- Introduction -- Postwar Professional Sport in America -- The NFL Sets the Edge -- The Making of the NBA -- Jackie Robinson, the Black Press, and Baseball's Integration after the Second World War -- Sport Diplomacy and the Cold War -- The Harlem Globetrotters and Cold War Civil Rights -- Wilma Rudolph, Femininity, and the Cold War -- Bill Russell and the Transnational Power of Sport -- Muhammad Ali v. United States.

The football unity talks which formally began in October 1976 were important because sport was integral to the debate about the national question in South Africa. At the time, football as a sport code was designated in negative and racist undertones as a 'sport for blacks' and rugby, golf, athletics, hockey, cricket and swimming were regarded as sporting codes reserved for white South Africans. These sports benefited immensely in terms of generous funding, infrastructure and facilities provided by the apartheid regime. This paper will be based on the following themes. First, it will focus on the broad legislative measures which reinforced separate development and racism in South Africa and how these laws impacted on the development of sport. Second, it will scrutinize the role of the multilateral, worldwide antiapartheid movement and boycott movement, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in using football sanctions as a tool to fight apartheid and racism in sport. Third, the football unity talks of 1976 will be analysed. This discussion will focus on issues inside the boardroom, the football field and what took place outside the boardroom and off the football field. Lastly, the impact of the unity on the players and the public at large-including the development of professional football since 1976 will be reviewed. A major theme which runs through the different sections is defined by the use and abuse of football as a tool for public and sport diplomacy. This was because the football unity talks in South Africa were as a result of what was taking place in the world of international, continental, national and local politics.