Suchergebnisse

The story of tuberculosis is a rich and fascinating one. It is a complex and ancient disease that, after many years of virtual disappearance in the developed world, is now making something of a comeback. Helen Bynum tracks the historical development of the disease, and considers the challenges it presents to the modern world.

A Brief Social History of Tuberculosis delves into the history of tuberculosis and its impact on human populations. Drawing on research and expert experiences, the three research chapters (3–5) will explore how the disease has affected communities throughout history, and how society has responded to the threat of tuberculosis over time. Tuberculosis has been a persistent and devastating force from the crowded cities of the Industrial Revolution to the present day. However, this book will argue that there is much to be learned from the successes and failures of past efforts to control the disease from a social perspective. By examining the history of tuberculosis, researchers and policymakers can gain valuable insights into the challenges of infectious disease control, as well as the social and political factors that shape our response to such challenges. This volume will focus on generating critical discussions among scholars, researchers, and policymakers: it will be informative, engaging, and an essential read for anyone interested in the history of medicine, public health, and the ongoing struggle against infectious diseases worldwide.

Fin dai tempi antichi, il rimedio più frequentemente prescritto per il trattamento della tubercolosi era una permanenza in un clima temperato. Dalla metà del XIX secolo alla metà del XX, l'Europa ha visto lo sviluppo di sanatori, dove i pazienti hanno potuto beneficiare di passeggiate all'aria aperta, esercizio fisico e una dieta equilibrata. Inoltre, l'istituzionalizzazione e l'isolamento dei pazienti ritenuti contagiosi rimane una delle misure più efficaci per il controllo di questo tipo di infezione.Il primo sanatorio aperto in Germania nel 1854, mentre in Italia i primi esperimenti furono condotti all'inizio del 20 ° secolo. A quel tempo, era opinione diffusa in Italia che la tubercolosi polmonare potesse migliorare in un clima marino. Al contrario, lo studioso Biagio Castaldi ha descritto gli effetti salubri dell'aria di montagna e ha documentato una minore incidenza di tubercolosi tra le popolazioni montane, che ha sostenuto l'ipotesi di una predisposizione ereditaria alla malattia. Nel 1898 furono fondati diversi comitati locali (Siena, Pisa, Padova) per combattere la tubercolosi. L'anno seguente, questi hanno dato origine alla Lega Italiana (Lega Italiana) con il patrocinio del Re d'Italia, che ha contribuito a promuovere l'intervento statale nella costruzione di sanatori.The pioneer of the institution of dedicated facilities for the treatment of tuberculosis was Edoardo Maragliano in Genoa in 1896. A few years later, in 1900, the first specialised hospital, with a capacity of 100 beds, was built in Budrio in a non-mountainous area, the aim being to treat patients within their habitual climatic environment. In the following years, institutes were built in Bologna, Livorno, Rome, Turin and Venice. A large sanatorium for the treatment of working-class patients was constructed in Valtellina by the fascist government at the beginning of the century, in the wake of studies by Eugenio Morelli on the climatic conditions of the pine woods in Sortenna di Sondalo, which he deemed to be ideal. In December 1916, the Italian Red Cross inaugurated the first military sanatorium in the "Luigi Merello" maritime hospice in Bergeggi (SV) to treat soldiers affected by curable tuberculosis. In 1919, a specific law mandated a 10-fold increase in funding for the construction of dispensaries and sanatoria. As a result, the Provincial Anti-tuberculosis Committees were transformed into Consortiums of municipal and provincial authorities and anti-TB associations, with the aim of coordinating the action to be undertaken. In 1927, the constitution of an Anti-tuberculosis Consortium in every province became a legal obligation.Nonostante questa crescita delle misure sociali e sanitarie, la tubercolosi in Italia ha continuato a costituire un grave problema di salute pubblica fino all'avvento degli antibiotici negli anni '50. Fino a quel momento, il sanatorio ha svolto un ruolo di primo piano nel trattamento della tubercolosi in Italia, come nel resto d'Europa.

Despite considerable efforts and quite early initiated anti-tuberculosis (TB) actions, Lithuania still remains one of the European Union (EU) countries with the highest tuberculosis rates, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, in 2016, 58 994 cases of TB were reported in 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries. MDR TB was reported for 3.7% of 36 071 cases with drug susceptibility testing results and continues to be highest in the three Baltic countries - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In this article we present the Lithuanian anti-TB action history review and comparison with other countries in this area of action. Literature review was performed by using documents available in the Martynas Mazvydas Library's resource, articles of foreign authors and archival materials. According to archaeological studies, tuberculosis was common in Europe including Lithuania in the Middle Ages. Tuberculosis reporting started in Lithuania in 1926. The first tuberculosis sanatorium in Lithuania was opened in 1891. Patients were treated with sun bathing procedures, fresh air and sunlight. Later the treatment included pneumothorax, toracocaustic, toracoplastic, treatment with gold products and other procedures. Lithuania introduced directly observed treatment, short course therapy (DOTS) in 1999, and since 2007 it has been working in accordance with the requirements of this strategy.

Despite considerable efforts and quite early initiated anti-tuberculosis (TB) actions, Lithuania still remains one of the European Union (EU) countries with the highest tuberculosis rates, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, in 2016, 58 994 cases of TB were reported in 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries. MDR TB was reported for 3.7% of 36 071 cases with drug susceptibility testing results and continues to be highest in the three Baltic countries - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In this article we present the Lithuanian anti-TB action history review and comparison with other countries in this area of action. Literature review was performed by using documents available in the Martynas Mazvydas Library's resource, articles of foreign authors and archival materials. According to archaeological studies, tuberculosis was common in Europe including Lithuania in the Middle Ages. Tuberculosis reporting started in Lithuania in 1926. The first tuberculosis sanatorium in Lithuania was opened in 1891. Patients were treated with sun bathing procedures, fresh air and sunlight. Later the treatment included pneumothorax, toracocaustic, toracoplastic, treatment with gold products and other procedures. Lithuania introduced directly observed treatment, short course therapy (DOTS) in 1999, and since 2007 it has been working in accordance with the requirements of this strategy.

Despite many years of state-sponsored efforts to eradicate the disease from cattle through testing and slaughter, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is still regarded as the most important and complex of animal health challenges facing the British livestock agricultural industry. This paper provides a historical analysis of the ongoing bTB statutory eradication programme in one part of the UK – Northern Ireland (NI) – which began in 1949 as a voluntary scheme, but between 1959 and 1960 became compulsory for all cattle herd-owners. Tracing bTB back through time sets the eradication efforts of the present day within a deeper context, and provides signposts for what developed in subsequent decades. The findings are based primarily on empirical research using historical published reports of the Ministry of Agriculture and state documents held in the public archives in NI, and they emphasize the need to consider the economic, social and political contexts of disease eradication efforts and their influences on both the past and the present.

Purpose: to attract the attention of doctors to the problem of tuberculosis through knowledge of the historical past and to warn against mistakes in the future. Materials and Methods. It is based on literary reports, official statistical reporting data, as well as our own long-term observations and studies. Results. The article provides the most important historical data on tuberculosis both globally and in Ukraine. The statistical data on morbidity, mortality from tuberculosis, effectiveness of its treatment for decades are analyzed. Attention is drawn to unfounded misconceptions that all questions about tuberculosis have already been resolved and there are utopian predictions about its eradication as a common disease in many countries of the world. Ukraine suffered the same fate, which led to the tuberculosis epidemic (1995). Thanks to international assistance, the targeted actions of the Ukrainian government, it was possible to stop the outbreak of the epidemic. Despite successes in overcoming TB in Ukraine in recent years, there have been some strategic mistakes in the fight against this disease. Perceptions of the best international experience, its implementation on the reorganization of the TB service in Ukraine are discussed. Conclusions. The experience of world and domestic phthisiatry allows specialists to better understand the problem of tuberculosis as a disease with its polymorphic pathomorphism and failures in the fight against it. However, strategic miscalculations are appearing, antituberculous institutions are being hurriedly closed, the number of beds and the number of TB specialists are decreasing. ; Мета: привернути увагу лікарів до проблеми туберкульозу через знання історичного минулого і застерегти від помилок на майбутнє. Матеріали і методи. В основу покладено літературні повідомлення, дані офіційної статистичної звітності, а також власні багаторічні спостереження та дослідження. Результати. У статті наведено найважливіші дані щодо туберкульозу в історичному аспекті як у світовому масш­табі, так і в Україні. Проаналізовано статистичні дані про захворюваність, смертність від туберкульозу, ефективність його лікування в розрізі десятиліть. Звернено увагу на необґрунтовано хибні думки, що всі питання про туберкульоз вже вирішені та є утопічні прогнози про його ліквідацію як розповсюдженого захворювання у багатьох країнах світу. Україну спіткала така ж ситуація, що призвело до епідемії туберкульозу (1995 р.). Завдяки міжнародній допомозі, цілеспрямованим діям українського уряду вдалося зупинити спалах епідемії. Попри успіхи у подоланні туберкульозу в Україні за останні роки виникли деякі стратегічні помилки в боротьбі з цим захворюванням. Обговорено сприйняття передового світового досвіду, його втілення щодо реорганізації протитуберкульозної служби в Україні. Висновки. Досвід світової та вітчизняної фтизіатрії дозволяє фахівцям повніше зрозуміти проблему туберкульозу як захворювання з його поліморфним патоморфозом і невдачами в боротьбі з ним. Проте проявляються стратегічні прорахунки, поспішно закриваються протитуберкульозні заклади, скорочується ліжковий фонд і кількість фтизіатрів.