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"This document provides previously unavailable youth demographic, injury and asthma estimates at the national level for youth on Hispanic-operated farms in the U.S. A Hispanic is defined as any person of Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin. These data represent the initial step in developing research and prevention programs to reduce the burden of injury and asthma on Hispanic farms in the U.S. What are the hazards? According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, there were 366 estimated youth less than 20 years of age injured on Hispanic farm operations in the U.S. in 2000. Major causes of these injuries included contact with objects and falls. In addition, there were an estimated 1,299 youth with asthma living on these farms. The injury and asthma estimates reported here should be considered conservative because of the potential for recall bias and other biases in the survey. How are youth exposed or put at risk? Exposures to farm hazards are not limited to youth who work on farms. In addition to injuries sustained during work activities, youth may be injured while living on farms, while visiting farms, or when they accompany their working parents or adults into the fields. The farm environment also contains many known triggers for asthma. The injury and asthma hazards these youth encounter may be work or non-work in nature, and make the farm a unique environment for developing prevention strategies. What recommendations have the federal government made to protect the health of farm youth? The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) and its amendments set standards for child labor in agriculture. However, the FLSA covers only employees whose work involves production of agricultural goods, which will leave the state through interstate commerce. In addition, FLSA regulations do not apply to youth working for their parents or guardian(s) on the family's farm. Youth who work on farms are often not protected by workplace safety and health regulations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) because these youth frequently work for small operations that are not inspected by OSHA, or because OSHA regulations do not apply to the farm household members. For all youth on farms, there are no protections for injuries from hazards associated with non-work activities, which often expose them to the same hazards as work activities. Given the limited protections for youth on farms, there is a need for states and communities to develop and implement programs to reduce childhood agricultural injuries." - NIOSHTIC-2 ; John R. Myers, Kitty J. Hendricks, Larry A. Layne, and E. Michael Goldcamp. ; "October 2005." ; Includes bibliographical references: p. (12-13).

Various pagings. ; Bibliography at end of each chapter of the section, Burns. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The proportion of hand injuries in Swedish children is the second highest in relation to other parts of the body. The incidence of hand injuries in these children has not yet been estimated. In addition, aetiologies, injury patterns and costs among Swedish children have not been presented on a regional or national level. Also, very few studies have focused on hand injuries within specific ages for children internationally. The aim of this thesis was to gather information regarding incidences, aetiologies, injury patterns and costs of hand injuries in Swedish children, particularly between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Children referred for treatment at the Department of Hand Surgery in Malmö, Sweden, during 1996-2000 and 2002-2003, were analysed as to incidence, injury patterns, aetiologies and costs through hospital notes and a questionnaire. Information about all children with a primary hand injury, admitted to Swedish hospitals during 1987-2001, was retrieved from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register, and analysed as to incidence and in order to identify risk groups. The incidence of young Swedish children with hand injuries referred for treatment or follow up was 27/10 000 children/year in Malmö, and the hospitalised young children with hand injuries in Sweden were 4/10 000 children/year. An increase over time, for unknown reasons, was found in Malmö between 1996 and 2000, and nationally between 1987 and 2001. Young girls are only 0.64 times as likely as boys to suffer hand injuries. However, finger amputations are about as common among girls as boys. National background does not have an impact on the occurrence. The leading types of injuries and etiological factors varied across the ages. Fingertip injuries, caused by jamming in doors, were common in all ages, and occurred predominantly in home settings. Despite a modest cost per case (about EUR 2 500), frequent fingertip injuries in young children generated large total health care costs. In contrast, complex hand injuries are unusual among young children, but bring substantial cost per case, and may cause permanent disability. Generally, the cost from lost productivity is small (14%). Non-fatal injuries to the paediatric hand may become important to politicians and authorities when incidences and costs are considered. Presented data of aetiologies and injury patterns may be utilized to improve prevention strategies, with the purpose to decrease incidences of hand injuries in children.

As part of a series on moral injury in HSCC (see Davies, 2023; Part 1), this Part 2 will propose that the current conceptions of moral injury (MI) may be inadequate, and that there is a need to recognize a distinct conceptualization of "spiritual damage". Just as MI was, and still is, sometimes mistakenly and unhelpfully conflated with some criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder, it may also be a mistake to conflate spiritual damage with "spirituality injury" under the MI paradigm. The breadth and depth of spirituality and its basis in a divine, mysterious creator, or God(s), are such that their scope may extend beyond impacts that can be accounted for in terms of medicine, psychology and, in some respects, morality. As such, this article argues that the current discussion on spirituality within the MI framework may need to be revised to account for "spiritual damage" more comprehensively. It is suggested that a new approach to this area of MI is necessary to acknowledge the fundamentally important role of spirituality in a MI context, but also to expand the horizon to include spiritual damage that occurs before, during and after traumatic, difficult or horrific events. Further, deeper consideration needs to be given to encompassing both the institutional and personal aspects of religion and spirituality, and how damage in these areas can both wound and injure an individual's spiritual schema, while also providing the potential for spiritual growth. This study will consider five areas, in particular, that require deeper consideration: (i) spirituality and science; (ii) a relationship with the divine; (iii) the use of spiritual tools; (iv) the recognition of spirituality as more than just an "aftermath" issue; and (v) spiritual growth.

Accidental caustic and foreign body ingestion by young children lead to a high number of emergency department visits, especially in lower- and middle-income countries. Some of these cause minimal tissue injury or pass spontaneously and uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract; others may cause major morbidity, or rarely mortality. Increased primary prevention of ingestion through communityawareness and vigilant childcare in addition to legislative steps to ensure a safe environment for these vulnerable members of society are needed. Secondaryprevention of long-term sequelae through timely and appropriate assessment and referral for endoscopy, laparotomy or other treatments can limit morbidity where primary prevention fails. Basic guidelines for management principles are suggested. Social lobby is required to further reform commercial risks to children in addition to creating caregiver awareness of common environmental hazards, particularly in developing countries such as South Africa.

The authors conducted a correlational study of 98 parents of children with hearing loss to determine the relationships among the parents' stress levels, their reported coping strategies, and the demographic characteristics of themselves and their hearing-impaired children. One unexpected finding was the low level of stress expressed by the sample. One predicted relationship was found. The communicative ability through signing of the child was significantly related to level of stress. The predicted relationships between a parent's marital status, a parent's educational level, the child's sex, and the age at onset of the hearing loss were not confirmed. The study revealed that racial and ethnic group membership was significantly related to the degree of use of several coping strategies. Hispanics differed significantly from African Americans in that they made greater use of coping strategies.

Written in an engaging and informative manner, The Hispanic Americans focuses on the social history, customs, and traditions of Hispanic Americans in this country. Ideal for history buffs, this brand-new volume boasts black-and-white photographs, an index, glossary, and box features