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19 páginas, 3 tables. ; [EN] Overall data of the inventory of Hymenoptera from the Biogeological Station of "El Ventorrillo" are presented. The studied site is located at an altitude of 1450 m, on the south face of the Sierra de Guadarrama (Central Spain), about 60 km NW from Madrid. Between 1988 and 1991 an insect biodiversity inventory was carried out using three sampling methods: Malaise traps, yellow pan traps and sweep nets. Out of the more than 1,000,000 insects trapped, increasing the collections of the MNCN, about 600,000 were sorted to order. We found 83,688 individuals of Hymenoptera (representing 13,8% and the second more abundant group in the samples, after Diptera (450,000 individuals and 77,5% of total). Forty nine families, 518 genera and 1310 species de Hymenoptera has been identified until now. The overall richness of Hymenoptera from El Ventorrillo is estimated in 2700 species and about 13,000 the number of insect species from the study site. An appendix is provided with the list of identified species and its overall abundance in the samples. As results of the inventory, ten new species for science have been described, and several more new species are not yet described; additionally, at least 33 genera and more than 170 species were recorded for the first time for Iberia. The abundance of Hymenoptera, as measured by Malaise trap catches, was very high, comparatively to other published data, reaching a peak of 916 individuals per trap day at the most productive trap and sampling period. The more abundant families were, in decreasing order, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Mymaridae, Scelionidae, Apidae and Pteromalidae, represented by numbers of individuals between 12,000, for Braconidae, to near 6000 for Pteromalidae. Among the identified families, the more species rich at the study area were in decreasing order: Pteromalidae (290), Ichneumonidae (217), Sphecidae (107) and Eulophidae (101 species). The richness of the 29 remaining families at the area of study was estimated extrapolating overall regional richness data from Spain. The hymenopteran numbers from the inventory are compared with other local richness data from Spain and other surveys from Europe and America. The comparatively high abundance and richness figures at El Ventorrillo are emphasized. Results of the inventory, not yet completed, indicate a very high entomological diversity at the surveyed site, a small relatively well preserved area less than 0.5 Km2, that probably is representative of other similar habitats in the Sierra of Guadarrama. This area is, however, under potential menace of alteration by the growing human and urban pressure of the vicinity of Madrid. We urge the politics and nature managers to protect this rich biodiversity spot. We hope that this work can help to support the recent proposal of creation of the National Park of the Sierra of Guadarrama. ; [ES] Se presentan los resultados globales del inventario de Hymenoptera llevado a cabo en el área de la Estación Biogeológica de El Ventorrillo, un área natural enclavada a 1450 metros de altitud en el sector central madrileño de la Sierra de Guadarrama. Con un programa de muestreo basado fundamentalmente en el uso de trampas Malaise, y adicionalmente trampas bandeja coloreadas y redes de barrido, llevado a cabo entre los años 1988 y 1991, se colectaron más de 1.000.000 de ejemplares de insectos que han sido ingresados en las colecciones del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid. Cerca de 600.000 ejemplares de insectos fueron separados hasta el nivel de orden, de los cuales 83.668 (un 13.8%) correspondieron al orden Hymenoptera, siendo después de Diptera (450.000 ejemplares, un 77,5% del total) el orden de insectos más numeroso en los muestreos. En las muestras colectadas se han identificado hasta la fecha 49 familias 518 géneros y 1310 especies de Hymenoptera; la riqueza total de himenópteros en las muestras colectadas se estima en más de 2700 especies, y la del conjunto de insectos en el inventario del área estudiada se estima en unas 13.000 especies. La lista de especies identificadas de himenópteros, junto a la cifra del total de ejemplares colectado de cada una, se adjunta en un apéndice final del trabajo. Entre los resultados del inventario se han descrito 10 especies nuevas para la ciencia y otras se han identificadas como tales, si bien aún no han sido formalmente descritas; se han citado numerosas novedades para la fauna europea y peninsular, entre las que se cuentan al menos 33 géneros y más de 170 especies nuevas para la fauna de la Península Ibérica. La abundancia relativa de himenópteros en el área, medida por las capturas de trampas Malaise, demostró ser muy alta, con relación a los datos de la literatura, alcanzándose un máximo de 916 ejemplares por día en la trampa y periodo más productivos. Las familias más abundantes en el inventario resultaron ser, en orden decreciente de abundancia, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Mymaridae, Scelionidae, Apidae y Pteromalidae, representadas por un número de ejemplares que va de los cerca de 12.000, en el caso de Braconidae, a los casi 6000 individuos de la familia Pteromalidae. La familia con mayor número de especies entre las identificadas fue Pteromalidae, con 290, seguida de Ichneumonidae con 217 y Sphecidae y Eulophidae con 107 y 101 especies, respectivamente. Los resultados del inventario se comparan con los de otros similares llevados a cabo en España, Europa y América; se constatan los altos valores de abundancia y riqueza de himenópteros del inventario de El Ventorrillo con relación a los comparados. Los resultados del inventario, aún no completamente finalizado, ponen de manifiesto la extraordinaria diversidad entomológica del entorno de la Sierra de Guadarrama en el que se enclava la estación biológica, no obstante la reducida extensión del área muestreada, un habitat que probablemente es representativo de otros similares en el sector central de la Sierra de Guadarrama. Toda la zona está, sin embargo, bajo la potencial amenaza de impacto ambiental por la creciente presión humana y urbanística de la cercana urbe de Madrid. Se insta a los responsables de la conservación del Medio Ambiente en la Comunidad de Madrid a tomar medidas para garantizar la protección de este singular enclave de biodiversidad, y de su entorno, en la sierra madrileña. En este sentido, esperamos que este trabajo contribuya a apoyar la reciente propuesta de creación del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama. ; El trabajo fue financiado con fondos de la Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Madrid, proyecto C188/91, así como, parcialmente, con fondos de la DGES PB97-1241, y REN2002-03518 concedidos a J.L.N.A. ; Peer reviewed

Predicting and ranking potential invasive species present significant challenges to researchers and biosecurity agencies. Here we analyse a worldwide database of pest species assemblages to generate lists of the top 100 insect pests most likely to establish in the United States and each of its 48 contiguous states. For the United States as a whole, all of the top 100 pest species have already established. Individual states however tend to have many more 'gaps' with most states having at least 20 species absent from their top 100 list. For all but one state, every exotic pest species currently absent from a state's top 100 can be found elsewhere in the contiguous United States. We conclude that the immediate threat from known invasive insect pests is greater from within the United States than without. Our findings have potentially significant implications for biosecurity policy, emphasizing the need to consider biosecurity measures beyond established national border interventions.

Este trabajo presenta una actualización sobre el estado de las investigaciones en ectoparásitosde mamíferos silvestres y herpetozoos de Argentina y Chile. Principalmente, focalizamos en las líneas de estudiodesarrolladas en la última década, las cuales en muchos casos permitieron el establecimiento de nuevosgrupos de investigación. Esta revisión surge de los resultados del Primer Taller sobre Estudios de Ectoparásitosen Argentina y Chile, en el marco del VIII Congreso Argentino de Parasitología (Corrientes, Abril de 2019).El estado actual de las investigaciones en la región evidencia un amplio conocimiento taxonómico sobre losdiferentes grupos de ectoparásitos y un incremento en el abordaje de estudios ecológicos y/o epidemiológicos.Consideramos que el Estado tuvo un papel clave en la creciente importancia que fue adquiriendo el conocimientocientífico sobre los ectoparásitos de Argentina y Chile. Esto se ve reflejado en la federalización del estudiode los ectoparásitos y en la formación de nuevos especialistas, recursos humanos calificados graduadosen Universidades Públicas Nacionales, apoyados por becas de posgrado, y cuyas investigaciones han sidosubsidiadas por diversos fondos nacionales. Consideramos fundamental generar espacios de discusión yactualización proponiendo la conformación de una red de especialistas en ectoparasitología de la región, paracompartir conocimiento e información y realizar trabajos interdisciplinarios en sinergia. ; This work provides an update on the status of researches in ectoparasites of herpetozoans and wild mammals from Argentina and Chile. We mainly focus on the new lines of research developed in the last decade, which in many cases allowed the establishment of new research groups. This review arises from the results from the First Workshop on Ectoparasite Studies in Argentina and Chile, during the VIII Argentine Congress of Parasitology (Corrientes, April 2019). The current state of research on ectoparasites in the region shows a broad taxonomic knowledge of the different ectoparasite groups, and a marked tendency to address ecological and/or epidemiological studies. We remarked the key role of a scientific politic in the growing of the knowledge of the ectoparasites from Argentina and Chile. This is particularly reflected in the federalization of the studies and the training of new specialists, qualified people graduated from National Public Universities, supported by postgraduate scholarships, and whose research had been subsidized by various national funds. We considered that is important to be able to generate spaces for discussion and updating; and we propose the creation of a network of ectoparasitology specialists in the region, sharing knowledge and information and performing interdisciplinary work in synergy. ; Fil: Sánchez, Juliana Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina ; Fil: Leonardi, María Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina ; Fil: Debárbora, Valeria Natalia. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina ; Fil: Di Benedetto, Ingrid María Desireé. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina ; Fil: Ezquiaga, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina ; Fil: Gozzi, Ana Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable; Argentina ; Fil: López Berrizbeitia F. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentina ; Fil: Moreno Salas, L. Universidad de Concepción; Chile ; Fil: Silva de la Fuente, M. C. Universidad de Concepción; Chile

Abstract
The architecture of species interaction networks is a key factor determining the stability of ecological communities. However, the fact that ecological network architecture can change through time is often overlooked in discussions on community-level processes, despite its theoretical importance. By compiling a time-series community dataset involving 50 spider species and 974 Hexapoda prey species/strains, we quantified the extent to which the architecture of predator–prey interaction networks could shift across time points. We then developed a framework for finding species that could increase the flexibility of the interaction network architecture. Those "network coordinator" species are expected to promote the persistence of species-rich ecological communities by buffering perturbations in communities. Although spiders are often considered as generalist predators, their contributions to network flexibility vary greatly among species. We also found that detritivorous prey species can be cores of interaction rewiring, dynamically interlinking below-ground and above-ground community dynamics. We further found that the predator–prey interactions between those network coordinators differed from those highlighted in the standard network-analytical framework assuming static topology. Analyses of network coordinators will add a new dimension to our understanding of species coexistence mechanisms and provide platforms for systematically prioritizing species in terms of their potential contributions in ecosystem conservation and restoration.

The relationships of crustaceans and hexapods (Pancrustacea) have been much discussed and partially elucidated following the emergence of phylogenomic data sets. However, major uncertainties still remain regarding the position of iconic taxa such as Branchiopoda, Copepoda, Remipedia, and Cephalocarida, and the sister group relationship of hexapods. We assembled the most taxon-rich phylogenomic pancrustacean data set to date and analyzed it using a variety of methodological approaches. We prioritised low levels of missing data and found that some clades were consistently recovered independently of the analytical approach used. These include, for example, Oligostraca and Altocrustacea. Substantial support was also found for Allotriocarida, with Remipedia as the sister of Hexapoda (i.e., Labiocarida), and Branchiopoda as the sister of Labiocarida, a clade that we name Athalassocarida (="nonmarine shrimps"). Within Allotriocarida, Cephalocarida was found as the sister of Athalassocarida. Finally, moderate support was found for Hexanauplia (Copepoda as sister to Thecostraca) in alliance with Malacostraca. Mapping key crustacean tagmosis patterns and developmental characters across the revised phylogeny suggests that the ancestral pancrustacean was relatively short-bodied, with extreme body elongation and anamorphic development emerging later in pancrustacean evolution. ; J.L.-F. was supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (655814) and J.O. was supported by a grant from the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (0601-12345B). F.P. was supported by the grant CHALLENGEN (CTM2013-48163) from the Spanish Government and a post-doctoral contract funded by the Beatriu de Pinós Programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014-BPB-00038). J.F.F. was supported by a NERC GW4+ PhD studentship and J.V. and D.P. were supported by a NERC BETR grant (NE/P013678/1). M.G. is supported by a European Marie Curie (ITN – IGNITE) PhD studentship ; Peer reviewed

General introduction : the importance of insects -- Climate and an introduction to plant pest -- The pests of roots, tubers, and sown seed -- The pests of plant stems -- Pests of foliage -- The insect pests of flowers and fruits -- Medical and veterinary pests -- Beneficial insects -- The principles of insect autecology 1 : some key concepts -- The principles of insect autecology 2 : innate attributes and environmental factors -- The dynamics of insect numbers 1 : history, classical -- The dynamics of insect numbers 2 : pattern and process -- Applied ecology and methods of control.

This book contains 10 chapters addressing the economic analyses of integrated management of pests in crops, animals and humans. The economic evaluation that can identify which factors in the IPM system are most important in their impact on the comparison of costs and benefits are also discussed.

This book contains 16 chapters dealing with the impact of global climate change on non-human life on Earth, particularly on the effects of global warming on species that currently depend on cool or cold conditions for survival. These organisms include insects, freshwater and marine invertebrates, marine mammals, and boreal forest trees. The degree of effects and adaptation strategies are covered. It also includes multiple analyses across microbial, plant, and animal systems to investigate temperature adaptation in a changing climate.

This book reviews the influence of climate change on urban and public pests such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and wood pests (such as termites), with respect to population, distribution, disease, damage and control. Consisting of 13 chapters, the book systematically addresses how the impact of climate change on pests in urban areas differs from natural areas, focusing on the increased temperatures of urban locations, the effect of natural disasters, the manner of land use and the consequences of human habitation. It highlights key information on how climate change and urban pests affect human health, discusses the effects of natural disasters such as flooding, and looks at issues which could influence the management of pests. It also explores a range of international opinions from recognized authorities covering 6 continents. Presenting up-to-date knowledge, this book is an essential resource for researchers in urban pests, entomology and public health, as well as scientists, environmentalists and policy makers involved in studies on climate change.

This book addresses the behavioural adaptations of parasites across a broad range of taxa, including parasitoid wasps, entomopathogenic nematodes, seed-feeding insects and plant-parasitic nematodes. The chapters emphasize the fundamental principles of parasitism and address the diversity and sophistication of parasite behavioural adaptations. The chapters are arranged in 4 sections discussing foraging for hosts, host infection, interactions among parasites within hosts and parasite-host interactions.

Many international forums have identified the need for comprehensive, scientific methods for the pre-release testing and post-release monitoring of transgenic plants to ensure their environmental safety and sustainable use. In response to this requirement, the International Project on GMO Environmental Risk Assessment Methodologies develops biosafety testing methodologies in support of risk assessment for transgenic plants. This second volume focuses on transgenic cotton that is resistant to insect pests in Brazil, and addresses both environmental and agricultural impacts. It draws out a general risk assessment concept and demonstrates the need for case-by-case analysis. This book makes a significant contribution to this field and will interest readers in crop science, biotechnology, ecology, pest management and policy analysis, with a focus on the needs of developing countries.

This book, inclusive of 13 chapters, focuses on the control of invertebrate and vertebrate pests that commonly infest man-made structures. With emphasis on the most important pest organisms, specific chapters are devoted to the discussion of control strategies for cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, bed bugs, termites, rats and mice, bats and birds. Chapters for the control of sporadic pests and pests of stored products are also included, as well as chapters for insecticide formulations, insecticide baits and baiting, and integrated pest management. The last chapter explores safety considerations in handling pesticides. With these contents, this book will be of valuable use to practitioners engaged in pest control services.