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[EN] Comparisons of differential survival by country are useful in many domains. In the area of public policy, they help policymakers and analysts assess how much various groups benefit from public programs, such as social security and health care. In financial markets and especially for actuaries, they are important for designing annuities and life insurance products. This paper presents a method for clustering information about differential mortality by country. The approach is then used to group mortality surfaces for European Union (EU) countries. The aim of this paper is to measure between -group inequality in mortality experience in EU countries through a range of mortality indicators. Additionally, the indicators permit the characterization of each group. It is important to take into account characteristics such as sex; therefore, this study differentiates between males and females in order to detect whether their patterns and characterizations are different. It is concluded that there are clear differences in mortality between the east and west of the EU that are more important than the traditional south -north division, with a significant disadvantage for Eastern Europe, and especially for males in Baltic countries. We find that the mortality indicators have evolved in all countries in such a way that the gap between groups has been maintained, both in terms of the differences in mortality levels and variability. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; This article was begun during a research stay at Cass Business School (London) funded by the "BEST/2014" Program, Generalitat Valenciana and the Facultad Support for the research presented in this paper was provided by a grant from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, project MTM2013-45381-P. ; Debón Aucejo, AM.; Chaves, LE.; Haberman, S.; Villa Juliá, MF. (2017). Characterization of between-group inequality of longevity in European Union countries. Insurance Mathematics and Economics. 75:151-165. ...

Comparisons of differential survival by country are useful in many domains. In the area of public policy, they help policymakers and analysts assess how much various groups benefit from public programs, such as social security and health care. In financial markets and especially for actuaries, they are important for designing annuities and life insurance products. This paper presents a method for clustering information about differential mortality by country. The approach is then used to group mortality surfaces for European Union (EU) countries. The aim of this paper is to measure between-group inequality in mortality experience in EU countries through a range of mortality indicators. Additionally, the indicators permit the characterization of each group. It is important to take into account characteristics such as sex; therefore, this study differentiates between males and females in order to detect whether their patterns and characterizations are different. It is concluded that there are clear differences in mortality between the east and west of the EU that are more important than the traditional south-north division, with a significant disadvantage for Eastern Europe, and especially for males in Baltic countries. We find that the mortality indicators have evolved in all countries in such a way that the gap between groups has been maintained, both in terms of the differences in mortality levels and variability.

L'Europa unita nata in questi ultimi anni è tuttora una creatura in fasce, vittima di un metabolismo interno ancora fragile e poco affidabile, ed esposta alle intemperie del mondo circostante. Gli individui che con tanta cocciuttaggine l'hanno forgiata, avevano una visione ben chiara quando intrapresero la loro opera di unificazione, una visione di un continente politicamente ed economicamente unito, forte abbastanza da dire la sua in ambito di politica internazionale e di reggere l'urto di economie e mercati più robusti o che attraversano una fortissima crescita. Ma se il destino prefissato per l'Europa dai suoi creatori è ben chiaro, il percorso che dovrebbe condurre ad esso si sta rivelando pieno di insidie e contrattempi, frutto anche in maniera determinante di un'identità storico-culturale ancora fragile e per la ricerca della quale si è, forse, fattomeno che in ambito economico-amministrativo. Tra le tante problematiche che deve affrontare oggi l'Europa, ce ne sono due che richiedono maggior attenzione e che destano maggiore preoccupazione: I. una costituita dalla resistenza interna al processo di unificazione che periodicamente si incespica in delle bocciature referendarie – gli esempi di Francia ed Olanda sono quelli più recenti. II. un' altra esterna, costituita dalle tensioni e dalla contrapposizione con alcune realtà estreme del mondo islamico. In ambedue i casi viene chiamata in causa l'identità dell'Europa, la ricerca di un comune denominatore storico-culturale, un tema che negli ultimi anni sta impegnando molti studiosi e pensatori, proprio perché è imperativo per le varie componenti europee trovare delle basi comuniper forgiare un'unione che dovrebbe andare al di là di una semplice architettura politico-economica. L'Europa deve sforzarsi di trovare delle radici comuni, forti abbastanza da costituire un collante duraturo tra i vari popoli che la compongono. ; peer-reviewed

Climate change isone ofthe most pressing challenges ofour time and several policies trying tomitigate this negative phenomenon have been implemented. The reduction ofGHG emissions along with the improvement inenergy efficiency and the increase inthe share ofenergy consumption from renewable sources also constitute the Euro-pean Union policy priority. Inthis context, the aim ofthis article isto explore factors that affect changes inCO2 emissions inthe four EU member states that form the Visegrad Group, during the period 1993-2016. The analysis was conducted using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method and the Kaya iden-tity, which enables the factors contributing most tothe CO2 emissions changes tobe identified. Italso allows the results tobe discussed inrelation tothe European Union's climate policy.According tothe decomposition analysis results, energy intensity and economic growth measured interms ofGDP per capita were the main factors driving chang-es inCO2 emissions across all countries considered. The emissions decrease result-ed mainly from animprovement inenergy efficiency and toalesser extent from the change inthe energy mix towards renewables.

This chapter is an exercise in political theology exploring ways in which European Union citizens might think about political life. The chapter has four sections: first, a discussion of how people, especially Europeans, identify with their places and their politics – this section considers the chief threat to European peace, ethnocentrism; second, a discussion of two key civic tasks regarding the interrelation of European Union member-states, 'adequate identity' and 'sufficient agreement'; third, a conversation between contrasting political analyses of human motivation and civic participation concerning these tasks; fourth and finally, an account of the distinctive contribution of ecclesial identity to European consciousness.

Dieser Band untersucht Koalitionsbildungsprozesse europäischer Verbände im Bereich der Energiepolitik sowie die Strategien der (häufig informellen) Koalitionen zur Beeinflussung der Entscheidungsträger auf EU-Ebene. Gleichzeitig werden Fragen der Transparenz europäischer Entscheidungsprozesse thematisiert: Während formelle Koalitionen einen administrativen Unterbau besitzen, der die Arbeit der Koalitionsmitglieder koordiniert sowie nach außen repräsentiert, verfügen informelle Koalitionen meist über keine derartigen Strukturen. Daher erscheinen sie auch in keinerlei Lobbying-Registern, was jedoch den im Weißbuch European Governance dargelegten Grundsätzen der Kommission widerspricht

The article aims to analyze Brexit from the perspective of the Visegrad Group countries in the context of the future of the European Union. Addressing this issue is important from the point of view of assessing the role of the EU for the Visegrad countries. The main thesis of the research is that Brexit will not lead to a reform of the EU in the coming years, which is what some of the Visegrad Group countries are trying to do. The article is provocative, because, during the migration crisis, the Visegrad Group was shown as a brake on the European integration process. After Brexit, it was considered that some of EU Member States could follow Great Britain and leave the EU. The article complements the scientific achievements in this field, as it presents the view from the country of Central and Eastern Europe.

This paper represents a first approach to the acoustical regulations in some European Union countries. It is only considered the case of dwellings in Residential Buildings.The analysis is limited to the comparison of the different indexes used in the several countries. Some examples illustrate the enormous differences in philosophy and requirements of the different Regulations that were analysed.The conclusions emphasize the need to begin the preparation of a common code that could be used as a European Union Regulation in the field of Building Acoustics.