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Intro -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: DRIVERS OF INTENSITY AND COUNTRY VARIANCES -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: DRIVERS OF INTENSITY AND COUNTRY VARIANCES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION DRIVERS: POPULATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH, AND ENERGY USE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION VARIABLES -- SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF GHG EMISSIONS -- Energy Use as a CO2 Intensity Driver -- Carbon Intensity of Electricity Generation -- Carbon Intensity of Travel -- Effects of Land Use on Intensity -- Cumulative Emissions -- INTERACTIONS OF THE VARIABLES -- CHANGES IN INTENSITY TO MEET CLIMATE STABILIZATION GOALS -- U.S. Greenhouse Gas Intensity: Trends and Targ -- Global Greenhouse Gas Intensity -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 CLIMATE CHANGE: THE QUALITY, COMPARABILITY, AND REVIEW OF EMISSIONS INVENTORIES VARY BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUD -- WHAT GAO RECOMMEN -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- INVENTORIES FROM SEVEN ANNEX I NATIONS WERE OF HIGHER COMPARABILITY AND QUALITY THAN THOSE FROM SEVEN NON-ANNEX I NATIONS BECAUSE OF SEVERAL BARRIERS -- Recent Reviews Found That Selected Annex I Nations' Inventories Were Comparable and of High Quality, but Some Estimates Have Substantial Uncertainty -- Inventories from Selected Non-Annex I Nations Met Guidelines but Were of Lower Quality and Generally Not Comparable -- Experts Identified Several Barriers to Improving the Comparability and Quality of Inventories -- THE INVENTORY REVIEW PROCESS FOR ANNEX I NATIONS HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS AND SOME LIMITATIONS, AND NO COMPARABLE PROCESS EXISTS FOR NON-ANNEX I NATIONS -- The Process for Reviewing Inventories from Annex I Nations Has Several Strengths -- The Process for Reviewing Inventories from Annex I Nations Has Some Limitations

This book, which contains 17 chapters, presents an expert synthesis of greenhouse gas (GHG) sink science and how this applies to the past, current and future changes in climate. It also explores how the sinks may respond to increased GHG emissions and global temperatures, and whether they can be protected and even enhanced to help mitigate climatic change. The sinks discussed in this book are the planet's storage areas, where GHGs are locked away from the atmosphere and thus prevented from contributing to global warming. This book is a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners in conservation, ecology and environmental studies.

In 2017 the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering were asked by the UK Government to consider scientific and engineering views on greenhouse gas removal. This report draws on a breadth of expertise including that of the Fellowships of the two academies to identify the range of available greenhouse gas removal methods, the factors that will affect their use and consider how they may be deployed together to meet climate targets, both in the UK and globally.

Intro -- REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES -- REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS* -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Electric Power Generation Using Coal -- 2. Coal-Fired Electric Generating Units -- 2.1. Coals Burned in U.S. EGUs -- 2.2. Coal Utilization in U.S. EGUs -- 2.2.1. Stoker-Fired Coal Combustion -- 2.2.2. Pulverized-Coal Combustion -- 2.2.3. Cyclone Coal Combustion -- 2.2.4. Fluidized-Bed Combustion -- 2.2.5. Coal Gasification -- 2.3. GHG Emissions from Coal-Fired EGUs -- 2.4. Factors Impacting Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions -- 2.4.1. Impact of Coal Rank on CO2 Emissions from EGUs -- 2.4.2 Impact of Coal-Fired EGU Efficiency on CO2 Emissions -- 2.4.3. Impact of SO2 Controls on Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions -- 3. Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Control Technologies -- 3.1. Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions Control Approaches -- 3.1.1. Efficiency Improvements -- 3.1.2. Carbon Capture and Storage -- 3.2. Efficiency Improvements for Existing Coal-fired EGU Projects -- 3.3. Efficiency Improvements for New Coal-Fired EGU Projects -- 3.3.1. Steam Cycle -- 3.3.2. Coal Drying -- 3.3.3. Boiler Feedwater Heating & -- Hot-Windbox -- 3.4. Combined Heat and Power Plant -- 3.5. Oxygen Combustion -- 4. Coal-Fired EGU Technology Alternatives Analysis -- 4.1. Site-Specific Coal-Fired EGU Technology Alternatives Analysis Example -- 4.2. EPA GHG Mitigation Database -- References -- Chapter 2 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY* -- 1.0. Introduction -- 2.0. Petroleum Refining -- 2.1. Overview of Petroleum Refining Industry.

While there are many factors that contribute to global warming, the most notable factor is the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Learn about the sources of these gases, how they interact with the atmosphere, their effect on natural systems, and why controlling them is crucial to Earth's future

The assessment of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants emitted to and removed from the atmosphere ranks high on international political and scientific agendas. Growing international concern and cooperation regarding the climate change problem have increased the need to consider the uncertainty in inventories of GHG emissions. The approaches to address uncertainty discussed in this special issue reflect attempts to improve national inventories, not only for their own sake but also from a wider, system analytic perspective. They seek to strengthen the usefulness of national emission inventories under a compliance and/or global monitoring and reporting framework. The papers in this special issue demonstrate the benefits of including inventory uncertainty in policy analyses. The issues raised by the authors and featured in their papers, along with the role that uncertainty analysis plays in many of their arguments, highlight the challenges and the importance of dealing with uncertainty. While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) clearly stresses the value of conducting uncertainty analyses and offers guidance on executing them, the arguments made here in favor of performing these studies go well beyond any suggestions made by the IPCC to date. Improving and conducting uncertainty analyses are needed to develop a clear understanding and informed policy. Uncertainty matters and is key to many issues related to inventorying and reducing emissions. Considering uncertainty helps to avoid situations that can create a false sense of certainty or lead to invalid views of subsystems. Dealing proactively with uncertainty allows for the generation of useful knowledge that the international community should have to hand while strengthening the 2015 Paris Agreement, which had been agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, considering uncertainty does not come free. Proper treatment of uncertainty is demanding because it forces us to take the step from "simple to complex" and to grasp a holistic system view. Only, thereafter, can we consider potential simplifications. That is, comprehensive treatment of uncertainty does not necessarily offer quick or easy solutions for policymakers. This special issue brings together 13 papers that resulted from the 2015 (4th) International Workshop on Uncertainty in Atmospheric Emissions, in Cracow, Poland. While they deal with many different aspects of the uncertainty in emission estimates, they are guided by the same principal question: "What GHGs shall be verified at what spatio-temporal scale to support conducive legislation at local and national scales, while ensuring effective governance at the global scale?" This question is at the heart of mitigation and adaptation. It requires an understanding of the entire system of GHG sources and sinks, their spatial characteristics and the temporal scales at which they react and interact, the uncertainty (accuracy and/or precision) with which fluxes can be measured, and last but not least, the consequences that follow from all of the aforementioned aspects, for policy actors to frame compliance and/or global monitoring and reporting agreements. This bigger system context serves as a reference for the papers in the special issue, irrespective of their spatio-temporal focus, and is used as a guide for the reader.

The assessment of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants emitted to and removed from the atmosphere ranks high on international political and scientific agendas. Growing international concern and cooperation regarding the climate change problem have increased the need to consider the uncertainty in inventories of GHG emissions. The approaches to address uncertainty discussed in this special issue reflect attempts to improve national inventories, not only for their own sake but also from a wider, system analytic perspective. They seek to strengthen the usefulness of national emission inventories under a compliance and/or global monitoring and reporting framework. The papers in this special issue demonstrate the benefits of including inventory uncertainty in policy analyses. The issues raised by the authors and featured in their papers, along with the role that uncertainty analysis plays in many of their arguments, highlight the challenges and the importance of dealing with uncertainty. While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) clearly stresses the value of conducting uncertainty analyses and offers guidance on executing them, the arguments made here in favor of performing these studies go well beyond any suggestions made by the IPCC to date. Improving and conducting uncertainty analyses are needed to develop a clear understanding and informed policy. Uncertainty matters and is key to many issues related to inventorying and reducing emissions. Considering uncertainty helps to avoid situations that can create a false sense of certainty or lead to invalid views of subsystems. Dealing proactively with uncertainty allows for the generation of useful knowledge that the international community should have to hand while strengthening the 2015 Paris Agreement, which had been agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, considering uncertainty does not come free. Proper treatment of uncertainty is demanding because it forces us to take the step from "simple to complex" and to grasp a holistic system view. Only, thereafter, can we consider potential simplifications. That is, comprehensive treatment of uncertainty does not necessarily offer quick or easy solutions for policymakers. This special issue brings together 13 papers that resulted from the 2015 (4th) International Workshop on Uncertainty in Atmospheric Emissions, in Cracow, Poland. While they deal with many different aspects of the uncertainty in emission estimates, they are guided by the same principal question: "What GHGs shall be verified at what spatio-temporal scale to support conducive legislation at local and national scales, while ensuring effective governance at the global scale?" This question is at the heart of mitigation and adaptation. It requires an understanding of the entire system of GHG sources and sinks, their spatial characteristics and the temporal scales at which they react and interact, the uncertainty (accuracy and/or precision) with which fluxes can be measured, and last but not least, the consequences that follow from all of the aforementioned aspects, for policy actors to frame compliance and/or global monitoring and reporting agreements. This bigger system context serves as a reference for the papers in the special issue, irrespective of their spatio-temporal focus, and is used as a guide for the reader.

Global inequality has been falling in the last 20 or 30 years, mainly because of rising incomes in China, India, and, more recently, also in Africa. That has been good for global justice and poverty reduction, but not for greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, the majority of growth in emissions since 1990 has taken place in emerging countries. As a result, if global inequality continues to fall, we have to confront the fact that greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise. There is no easy solution to this problem, since it is very difficult for emerging countries to drastically change their emission pathways. But there are some policies that might help, including, for example, the removal of energy subsidies and a greater focus on air pollution and energy security, both of which are co-benefits of moving away from fossil energy. The question also remains whether more unequal countries emit more or less greenhouse gases. Theoretical arguments in this regard are ambiguous. We find that in poorer countries, higher inequality actually reduces per capita emissions, mainly because it pushes poor people out of the carbon economy and forces them to lead carbon-neutral lives, relying entirely on biomass. However, in richer countries, inequality is associated with rising emissions. Therefore, if we reduce inequality in rich countries, we will also help reduce emissions. But how to think about climate policy? Economists have very much focused on the idea that there is a first best climate policy with a global carbon price, achieved either through an emission trading scheme or a carbon tax. But one should realize that climate policy in practice involves many different initiatives at many different levels. The driving forces of such policies are often the co-benefits such as cleaner air or greater energy security than emission reduction. If we recognize this, then our analysis should focus not on trying to design first best, but unrealistic policies, but rather on studying the interactions between existing policies and on trying to improve their functioning. This will be a much more promising way to tackle climate change than focusing on an unrealistic first best option.

Human induced global climate change is the biggest challenge humankind faces today. Increasing amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases play a crucial role in the evolution of the climate. Without the understanding of the contributing processes, feedbacks and interactions we cannot predict the future changes and develop effective mitigation strategies. To decrease the uncertainty of the global studies detailed regional studies are needed surveying the regional characteristics of the atmospheric greenhouse gas budget and the influencing factors. ""Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: The Hungarian Persp

Companies have already approached UBC to buy potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions from projects currently under way even though there is currently no GHG Trading Mechanism in place in Canada. This consists of an opportunity that UBC could possibly benefit from. By using standardized and internationally recognized protocols to report GHG emissions, UBC would increase the reliability of its GHG emission figures and sell GHG emissions at a reasonable price. Furthermore, by complying with a recognized protocol, UBC would be only one step from certifying its emissions ahead of the Canadian GHG Trading Scheme. Our search for recognized protocols began in Canada but with no success. Canada's institutions, such as the Voluntary Challenge Registry and the GHG Verification Center, are still developing protocols and can only offer guidelines to report emissions. Looking abroad, the UK GHG Emissions Scheme is the only source that offers viable protocols. The UK Scheme is the first and currently the only GHG trading scheme in the world. With the assumption that Canada would replicate the UK Scheme, the scheme protocols were applied in the context of UBC. For reasons discussed in the text, the Direct Participant option was chosen as the mechanism of entry into the scheme. It requires an entity-based approach of reporting GHG emissions as opposed to project-based reporting. Technical recommendations are provided on what UBC should do in order to fully comply with UK GHG Trading Scheme Standards. This is followed by a brief introduction to the World Resource Institute, a good source of guidelines for emissions not covered by the UK Scheme. Within a few weeks of completing this project, the Canadian Government published a discussion paper outlining how the Canadian Trading Scheme would operate. As a result of what is proposed, UBC would not be able to participate using UK's Direct Participant entity-based reporting approach. It will only be able to obtain credits from project-based emission reductions. UBC is currently undergoing energy retrofit projects in collaboration with MCW. The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) will be used to measure energy efficiency performance for each project and insure compliance with targets. MCW is in fact offering performance guarantees. Further investigation of the 2001 protocol document indicates that its standards are likely to become the international greenhouse gas trading standard for monitoring and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the IPMVP is the appropriate protocol for UBC to use for eventual certification of GHG emissions. Once UBC produces verifiable emission reductions, it will be able to register them at the Registered Emissions Reduction program offered by the VCR and wait until the Canadian GHG Offset System is in place. Alternatively, it could also trade these emissions immediately at a favorable price due to the increasing reliability of the underlying data. Another possibility if for UBC to keep its records of projects that reduced emissions and wait until the Canadian GHG trading system is in place. "Disclaimer: "UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report." ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate