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A book on the economics of institutional changes. It focuses on the forces that push towards reforms and on the difficulties and obstacles that make them so fragile. It examines the key role, beyond the legal framework, of informal rules and the 'micro-institutions' that provide the organizational backbone to the implementation of reforms.

Intro -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TRENDS IN U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- U.S. and Chinese Economies -- Anticorruption Laws for U.S. and Chinese Firms -- U.S. and Chinese Government Agencies Engaged in Sub-Saharan Africa -- U.S. Government Entities -- Chinese Government Entities -- U.S. GOALS HAVE EMPHASIZED DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, WHILE CHINA'S POLICY UNDERSCORES MUTUAL BENEFIT AND NONINTERFERENCE -- U.S. Goals and Programs for Sub-Saharan Africa Include Focus on Development and Emphasis on Democracy and Economic Growth -- China's Stated Policy for Africa Emphasizes Mutual Benefit and Noninterference -- DATA SHOW GROWTH IN U.S. AND CHINESE TRADE WITH SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SINCE 2001, BUT DATA ON CHINA'S GRANTS, LOANS, AND INVESTMENTS ARE LIMITED -- U.S. and Chinese Trade in Goods with Sub-Saharan Africa Increased from 2001 to 2011 -- Crude Oil and Other Natural Resources Have Dominated U.S. and Chinese Imports of Goods from Sub-Saharan Africa -- Chinese Exports of Machinery, Transport Equipment, and Manufactured Goods Exceeded U.S. Exports of Goods to Sub-Saharan Africa -- United States and China Have Several Common Trading Partners in Sub-Saharan Africa, but China's Reach Is Greater -- U.S. Trade in Services with Sub-Saharan Africa Is Estimated to Exceed 11 Billion per Year, but Data on China's Trade in Services with the Region Are Unavailable -- U.S. Government Grants and Loans to Sub-Saharan Africa Have Increased since 2001, but China Does Not Publish Data on Its Financing -- Reported U.S. Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa Exceeded China's Reported Investment for 2007 through 2011

In this section on the Capabilities, Trends & Economics of regional military defense capabilities, the military trends & priorities of Sub-Saharan Africa are assessed. The diminished optimism for the military piece support capability in countries of the African Union (AU) to deal with regional conflict is related to maritime security, & humanitarian aid for HIV\AIDS & famine. A comparative discussion of conflict in the region delineates advances & challenges in the Horn of Africa and Central Africa. The change in budgetary trends to move from defense spending to a focus on poverty, social services, & infrastructure spending is evidenced throughout the entire region. A detailed assessment follows of forty-four countries military capabilities that inventories troops, organizations by service & equipment, deployment, & foreign forces. Tables. J. Harwell

How to best address the range of diverse security challenges on the continent has in recent years been a preoccupation of many defense and security establishments. The African Standby Force (ASF) is the African Union's prescribed instrument for eventually meeting the military demands of the continent. West African states faced a range of ongoing security challenges in 2011, notably the conflict in Cote d'Ivoire and continued efforts to combat Islamist armed groups operating in the Sahel. East Africa faced a range of disparate security challenges in 2011, including the continued Ethiopia-Eritrea stand-off, war in Somalia, drought and ongoing hostilities between and within Sudan and South Sudan. Adapted from the source document.

The paper sought to investigate the effect government expenditure on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa using a panel data for 35 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2006-2018. The paper adopted dynamic panel data and estimates were achieved by using two-step system GMM while taking into account the problem of instrument proliferation. The paper provided evidence that education and health expenditure are key determinants of income growth for SSA. The impact of education spending on cross-country income variation is more effective in low income SSA countries than the middle income SSA countries. However, military expenditure on output growth is more effective in improving income level of middle income SSA countries than low income SSA countries. SSA countries should allocate more funding towards education sector and should also avail compulsory and free primary and secondary education. SSA should carry out health reforms which improve primary health and universal health insurance coverage.

This paper documents cyclical patterns of government expenditures in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970 and explains variation between countries and over time. Controlling for endogeneity, it finds government expenditures to be slightly more procyclical in sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries and some evidence that procyclicality in Africa has declined in recent years after a period of sharp increase through the 1990s. Greater fiscal space, proxied by lower external debt, and better access to concessional financing, proxied by larger aid flows, seem to be important factors in dimin

Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. International and Regional Initiatives Supporting Gender Budgeting -- III. Countries with Prominent Gender Budgeting Efforts -- A. Uganda -- B. Rwanda -- IV. Other Examples of Gender Budgeting in Sub-Saharan Africa -- V. Conclusions and Lessons for Improving Gender Budgeting in the Region -- References -- Figures -- 1. Sub-Saharan African Countries Included in this Review -- 2. GDI, Time-Consistent Version -- 3. Uganda: Trends in Gender Inequality in Uganda and a Comparator Country Group -- 4. Uganda: Trends in School Enrollment

Positive & negative developments that have influenced the security of sub-Saharan nations are examined. Whereas the spread of HIV/AIDS & inadequate food resources have impeded some sub-Saharan countries economic & social development, it is demonstrated that political violence has ravished the development of other countries throughout the region, eg, the Ivory Coast & Nigeria. Even though the Comprehensive Peace Agreement has temporarily stifled internecine conflict in Sudan's Darfur region, it is stressed that peace negotiations in Darfur are shaky & that multiple cross-border disputes further threaten regional security. Improvements to the South African National Defense Forces capabilities are noted, & the economic impact of sub-Saharan countries defense expenditures is pondered. Moreover, detailed information regarding two aspects of sub-Saharan nations defense capabilities -- the service organizations & their deployment -- is provided. Tables. J. W. Parker

"This book argues that strengthening policing, and the rule of law is pivotal to promoting human rights, equity, access to justice and accountability in sub-Saharan Africa. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this book considers the principles of accountability, just laws, open government, and accessible and impartial dispute resolution, in relation to key institutions that deliver and promote the rule of law in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Chapters examine a range of topics including police abuse of power and the use of force, police-citizen relations, judicial corruption, human rights abuse, brutality in the hands of armed forces, and combating arms proliferation. Drawing upon key institutions that deliver and promote the rule of law in sub-Saharan African countries including, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa, the contributors argue that strengthening policing, security and the rule of law is pivotal to promoting human rights, equity, access to justice and accountability. As scholars from this geographical region, the contributing authors present current realities and first-hand accounts of the challenges in this context. This book will be of interest to scholars of African studies, criminology and criminal justice, police studies, international law practice, transitional justice, international development, and political science"--

This chapter provides an independent & detailed account of military capabilities & defense economics for countries of Sub-Sahara Africa. The political & humanitarian crisis in Sudan & the subsequent flow of Sudanese refugees into the neighboring Chad; and, the disintegrating peace agreement between the government in Khartoum & southern Sudanese rebels all prove to be a constant challenge. In Niger Delta, political instability has threatened the West's access to Nigerian oil. Islamic jihadists have been able to establish a strong presence from the Horn of Africa all the way to Mauritania. Along Africa's coastlines, cocaine smuggling & piracy remain significant challenges. The U.N. most involved peacekeeping missions are in Africa because, both individually & collectively, many African nations lack the military might to deal with the problems occurring on that continent. The African Union is lobbying hard for the bolstering & coordination of African military power. Statistics & details concerning the region's countries' defense budgets & capabilities are provided. C. Goger